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Peace Building and Resilience Strategies for Cultural Rejuvenation: An Integrated Approach for Countering Religious Violent Extremism in Pakistan
Pakistan’s drift into violent religious extremism incurred massive losses to human and material resources because of terrorist incidents and counter terrorism efforts. The measures taken by the government have produced mixed results with a whole new array of fallouts that require an in-depth analysis that allows for objective evaluation and efficacy of the measures taken. The study employs a mixed method approach, exploratory research with survey method, which aims to explore fallouts of counter violent religious extremism efforts in study areas comprising of Wana, Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), along with analyzing, evaluating and proposing both long-term and short-term peacebuilding and resilience strategies that will complement the rejuvenation of the ignored culture of tolerance and also in developing counter violent religious extremism policies. The findings reveal that an integrated approach comprising of various peacebuilding and resilience strategies encompassing various factors like economic, social, cultural and administrative efforts can lead to a rejuvenation of culture of peace, tolerance and coexistence in these study areas. The research suggests that to enhance cultural rejuvenation the areas need to be developed more in all fields, as the study reveals that there is a direct link between the level of development and violent extremism.
EDUCATIONAL IMPACT OF THE GENDER RELATED PROVERBS ON THE LIFE OF PASHTUN WOMAN
Gender stereotyping is a universal phenomenon and through it gender identities and roles are constituted. Gender stereotyping occurs in the form of discourses as all the phenomena of our life are swayed by discourses. The current study is an effort to investigate the sexist proverbs of Pashto which have impacted the educational aspect of Pashtun women’s life. Our ways of thinking in the social world are shaped by discourses. Different relationships also grow under the influence of discourses. Pashto proverbs as a social discourse have determined the role and status of women. These proverbs have evolved under the influence of Pashtunwali, which is a code of conduct for all Pashtuns. The discourse of Pashto proverbs excludes women from the social and economic sphere, which has also impacted her educational aspect as a consequence. Proverbs are considered as sayings of the wise and are thought to be unquestionable. The study has also analyzed the collected data of proverbs that have depicted woman as weak, unintelligent, lacking in wisdom and vision and so incapable for acquiring intellectual and academic activities. Proverbs have been analyzed through Foucault’s concept of power and knowledge. The tool of thematic analysis has been applied to the collected data.
MATHEMATICAL THINKING SKILLS LEVEL AMONG INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL STUDENTS
The current study aims to reveal the level of the second intermediate grade students' possession of mathematical thinking skills. The descriptive approach was used to achieve the objectives of the study. A test that measures mathematical thinking skills was prepared and applied to 500 female students in public schools in the city of Hail, Saudi Arabia. The results of the study showed that the participants had a low level of mathematical thinking skills, which the order of which was as follows: the skill of visual-spatial perception, followed by the skill of symbolic expression, and finally the skill of logical thinking. The study recommended the necessity of spreading awareness of the importance of mathematical thinking skills in teaching mathematics, adopting educational programs that contribute to the development of mathematical thinking skills among female students, and highlighting the importance of including mathematical thinking skills in the curriculum for those in charge of preparing mathematics curricula.
PERCEPTIONS OF POSTGRADUATE URDU LITERATURE STUDENTS LEARNING STRATEGIES DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE
As The Covid-19 Continues To Spread, Educational Intuitions Around The Globe Are Shifting To Online Learning To Slow The Spread Of The Disease. This Qualitative Study Presents An Understanding Of Online Learning Strategies Employed By University Students During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Pakistan. Although Research On Instructional Delivery Methods Is Growing, Students’ Perceptions Of Their Learning Strategies Experiences Have Been Neglected In The Literature. According To The Study's Findings, It Is Revealed That University Students Of Urdu Literature View Online Learning Strategies To Be Different From Traditional Learning Strategies. The Major Point Highlighted By University Students Emphasizes The Lack Of Face-To-Face Interaction With Teachers And Students During Online Learning. Furthermore, University Students Used Different Online Learning Strategies, Including Rehearsal, Technological, Comprehension, Time Management, And Metacognitive Strategies. Some Other Participants Reported Using Self-Monitoring, Planning, And Gathering Relevant Information According To The Topic For Assignments. However, Technological Strategies Were The Ones That Were Emphasized By Most Of The Students. This Study Is Significant Because It Will Help Faculty And University Administrators Better Understand Online Learning Strategies Employed By University Students, Which Will Ultimately Help Develop And Formulate Policies For Online Learning. Online Learning Strategies Can Be Enhanced By Giving Learners Control Of Their Interactions With Digital Technology And Prompting Learner Reflection. Based On The Results Of The Studies, It Is Suggested That Rehearsal Strategies Must Be Practiced In Online Learning So That Students Don’t Forget Their Important Points.
THE STUDY OF ALIENATION IN WAJAHAT ALI’S PLAY THE DOMESTIC CRUSADERS
In this study, Wajahat Ali's play The Domestic Crusaders serves as the textual basis for the analysis of alienation. The text is revisited through Homi K. Bhabha's ideas on hybridity and ambivalence in order to interpret the alienation of a Muslim Pakistani immigrant family. Bhabha's concept of ambivalence is an influential notion to make sense of cultural differences. Postcolonial theorists argue that ambivalence is indicative of an adaptable subjectivity that is not fixed by either the coloniser or the colonised, so it provides an explanation for the tension that arises when the two seemingly opposing binaries come in contact with one another. Researching the challenges faced by Pakistani immigrants living in the United States, this qualitative study employs close textual analysis. The characters in the story have to deal with the heat of anti-Islamic and anti-Asian sentiments in their daily lives, and the family is subjected to social stereotypes. The study has used descriptive analysis of the text to explore the marginalization of Pakistani immigrants in the American society after September 11. The effect of ambivalence and stereotypes on the various members of a family in the text provides a theoretical framework based on Bhabha's concept of ambivalence and hybridity for understanding the causes of alienation of Pakistani immigrants in the play. The playwright, according to the available research evidence, has presented Bhabha’s hybrid space as a lens to highlight the contrast between the viewpoints of the parents and children in a diasporic family. The main source of friction is that the older Pakistani immigrants and younger generation raised in American culture have different views on what it means to be an individual in the society they live in. The writers depiction of post 9/11 setting in an American diasporic community, the realistic portrayal of characters facing the anti-Islamic wave in the society , the impact of social ambivalence on various characters within the family, all stir thought to ponder the alienation of a diasporic individual.
‘THINKING THAT IF I COULD WRITE IN IT ANNA WOULD COME BACK’: A JUNGIAN EXEGESIS OF THE GOLDEN NOTEBOOK
The study undertakes The Golden Notebook to examine the process of individuation as documented in it. The study finds the protagonist as embedded in layers of chaos and examines her to be consequently opting for a breakthrough as she embarks on self-realization journey. The Golden Notebook resonates fragmentation throughout its length which runs parallel to the protagonist’s state of mind. In addition to the backdrop of disarray, another highlighted strand present in the narrative is that of the gender conflict. The study finds the protagonist searching for identity, connection, belonging, self-inquiry and in a quest to create meaning. The study accentuates that the call for individuation is made by the protagonist as she sets to resolve her tension of opposites. The study thus sets Jungian psychology as its theory of reading. The research has certain delimitation for it focuses on Jung’s individuation process. The study maintains that in The Golden Notebook, the protagonist’s endeavor of compiling her book is used as a metaphor that corresponds with individuation process.
EXPLORING THE CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATING ICT IN UNIVERSITY-LEVEL CLASSROOMS: A CASE STUDY OF THE INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
The rapid growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become one of the most emerging areas discussed by the researchers and the scholars, especially its integration with classroom teaching during the last three decades. The main purpose of this study was to explore the Integration of ICT in the classroom practices. The objective of the study was: to explore the problems to the integration of ICT in the classroom. Population of the study consisted of all teachers (75) during the year 2020-2021 from the Faculty of Social Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad. Universal sampling technique was used in the selection of sample. Self structured Questionnaire was used a research tool. Data were collected with five-point Likert Scale. The major findings of the study were, Due to shortage of time and huge work load they are not able to feedback timely. There is a variation in the identification of the problems confronted by teachers during the use of these technologies. Sequence wise problems to uptake ICTs among teachers are; lack of interest, electric fluctuation, High cost prices of the technologies, lack of training, shortage of time, huge work load, and low quality internet connectivity, lack of knowledge. Continuous seminars and workshops for the training of teachers may be developed and launched so that teachers may update them according to the current advances in the field of ICTs.
REFERENCES IN GRAMMATICAL COHESION: A THEMATIC BASED STRUCTURAL APPROACH TO GRIMM’S HANSEL AND GRETEL
The current research explores the status of grammatical cohesion in Hansel and Gretel, a German fairy tale published in 1872 with the notion to expose the nature of stepmother and a love between brother and sister. There are numerous fairy tales in the European tradition, and especially in the Grimms’ collection, that employ numerous relationships through themes, characters and motifs. Fairy tales can be seen as a reflection of the ancient mythologies and serve to echo their structure and meaning. Grammatical cohesion, accordingly, become the linking motives between fairy tales and mythologies in a coding system. A language used in spoken or written form has a semantical property that makes it unified and meaningful text. In getting coherence, one element and other elements in a text should be organized and related in a logical way. An important contribution to coherence comes from cohesion. Cohesion refers to grammatical and lexical cohesion. This is true of the popular story, Hansel and Gretel. This analysis explores the full significance of grammatical cohesion which beautified the literary text and increase the popularity of this fairy tale. The methodology of this study is based on the grammatical cohesion based on stages of the hero’s journey or quest through descriptive approach. This study has concluded that Hansel and Gretel skilfully employs numerous grammatical cohesion through which the protagonist struggles for moral maturity and psychological development with financial success. The result of grammatical cohesion is personal reference (130 items), demonstrative reference (77 items), comparative reference (4 items). The few pages’ fairy tale, Hansel and Gretel offers readers rich moral lessons about courage, regression, shrewdness, loyalty, evil, compassion and destiny through the use of English language with special reference to Grammatical Cohesion and its various types.
GLORIFYING THE ENGLISH EMPIRE: A POSTCOLONIAL ANALYSIS OF KIPLING’S POEM ‘A YOUNG BRITISH SOLDIER’
Colonial period is marked by massive cultural and political changes in various parts of the world. Colonial powers occupied various parts of the world and imposed their own political and social order. In the same connection, Afghans had turbulent relations during 19th and 20th centuries. During these adventures, certain colonial authors are found to be writing about them. Rudyard Kipling stands as a prominent literary figure whose works touch upon the theme of the politics of Empire. After the intellectual advancement in literary theory, such depiction appears immensely problematic and hence, questioned in the literary circles. The present study analyses the selected poem of Rudyard Kipling through Saidian theoretical lens. Through Qualitative Research Paradigm, the text of the selected poem is analyzed. After the detailed analysis, Kipling’s depiction is found Eurocentric and one sided which evidently seems that the poet is on the specific mission of the Empire and its expansion and consolidation. He is concerned about the safety and the security of English imperial forces. They are given instructions and guidelines how to fight and how to counter the Afghan fighters. Colonial mission in Afghanistan is encouraged and glorified. Ironically, even Afghan women are termed barbaric, evil, and violent for defending their land. It is cautiously noted in the analysis that for him only the interest of the empire is paramount and supreme. Those resisting the imperial forces are nothing ironically but violent beings. Lastly, it is evident in the text that he glorifies the empire because it is the sacred mission of the so-called civilizing mission.
On this topic, different researchers/Authors have published various articles to explain the issue of Victim-blaming. Blaming the victim in cases of sexual violence may be a worldwide wonder, but it is especially endemic in patrilineal social orders. Victims of rape are extraordinarily helpless for being faulted for their assault relative to victims of other interpersonal violations and in this way number of research have been conducted to get why this is often the case. It is Qualitative research, every information is explored from the Internet, by going through different research articles and, also by reading different newspaper articles published on this topic. The scope of my research is that accusing victims of any age group or gender for provoking abuse is not acceptable.
IMPACT OF RUSSIA- UKRAINE WAR ON CENTRAL ASIA AND THE FUTURE GEOPOLITICAL SCENARIO OF THE WORLD
The Russian attack on Ukraine was the first significant conflict in Europe since World War II. The conflict is still ongoing, and a terrible geopolitical drama is being played out in front of the globe. The disagreement between NATO and Russia's competing geopolitical objectives is the fundamental cause of this issue. As a result, tensions between the West and Russia on the international stage have increased. As a result, people fear the New Cold War will start again. How the conflict-affected world politics would also depend on how big a win or defeat was. However, this war would've had severe consequences for the entire world and Ukraine and Russia. As the world has viewed the situation in Ukraine with worry, shock, and terror, the attack has shaken the pillars of our worldwide peace and security system. It triggered a major humanitarian disaster along with a devastating impact on a global financial system that was already fragile. The shared expectation and main concern are the safety of those who would suffer instant harm along with the immediate restoration of harmony and safety measures. Furthermore, sanctions are expected to continue to be implemented because there is unlikely to be any significant political or strategic de-escalation in the foreseeable future. Although the world is dealing with other security crises, the crisis in Ukraine is the most serious because of its profound impact on security and prosperity worldwide. The recent Russian invasion of Ukraine is examined geopolitically in this study. It assesses the origins of conflict and offers a forecast of the outcomes.
SHRINES: AN IMPORTANT CREATIVE IMPULSE OF IQBAL'S POETRY
Allama Mohammad Iqbal visited many shrines in his life and wrote poems of appreciation for the personalities buried there. These were great poets, spiritual personalities, military commanders as well as warlords. Iqbal visited many shrines but of Hazrat Mahboob-e-Ilahi, Mirza Ghalib, Dara Shikoh, Napoleon, Mahmood Ghaznavi, Ahmad Shah Abdali, Sanai Ghaznavi, Sheikh Ahmad Sarhandi are prominent. He praised not only their dynamic personalities but also the creative qualities of their leadership. He was great admirer of classical writers of Persian and Urdu. He visited the shrines of Mirza Ghalib and Sanai Ghaznavi and wrote very impressive poems. It can be said that the shrines were creative impulse of Iqbal’s poetry.
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT: MAIN OBSTACLES AND COUNTERMEASURES OF IMPLEMENTING IN PAKISTAN
Total Quality Management (TQM) is a popular management approach used by organizations to improve their processes, products, and services. However, implementing TQM in Pakistan has been a challenge due to various obstacles. This case study aims to identify the main obstacles and suggest countermeasures for implementing TQM in Pakistan. The study used a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, and document analysis, to collect data from 10 organizations in different sectors, such as manufacturing, services, and non-profit. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and thematic analysis. The study found that the main obstacles to TQM implementation in Pakistan are a lack of top management commitment, inadequate training and development, inadequate resources, and resistance to change. The study recommends countermeasures such as developing a culture of quality, providing adequate training and development programs, allocating sufficient resources, and involving employees in the TQM implementation process. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for organizations in Pakistan that are planning to implement TQM or are currently facing challenges during TQM implementation. The mixed-methods approach used in this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated with TQM implementation in the Pakistani context. Overall, this study highlights the importance of overcoming obstacles to TQM implementation in Pakistan to improve organizational processes, products, and services. By addressing the challenges and implementing the suggested countermeasures, organizations in Pakistan can successfully implement TQM and achieve their quality goals.
INFLUENCE OF CAFFEINE ADMINISTRATION ON THE ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY FOOTBALL PLAYERS
The stimulating properties of caffeine can alleviate feelings of tiredness and drowsiness and even enhance sports performance. A study was conducted in South Punjab, Pakistan, with male university football players aged 18 to 25 years. The study was a randomized, placebo-controlled single-blind parallel-group trial with a total of 120 participants divided into four groups of 30 each. Each group was given a different dose of caffeine in capsule form: Group A received 3 mg-kg-1, Group B received 6 mg-kg-1, Group C received 9 mg-kg-1 and Group D was given a placebo 0 mg-kg-1. Endurance performance was measured before and after caffeine administration and statistical analyses such as paired sample ‘‘t’’-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation were performed on the data using GraphPad Prism version 6.0 software. The results showed that all three groups that received caffeine in doses of 3, 6, and 9 mg/kg-1 experienced significant improvements in their endurance performance. The study concluded that high doses of caffeine (9 mg/kg-1) had the most noticeable effects on the endurance performance of university football players.
THE ROLE OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS OF PAKISTANI WOMEN IN THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PERFORMANCE
The purpose of this study is to explore the demographic factors that influence the success of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. The study aims to identify the impact of age and education level on the entrepreneurial performance of women entrepreneurs. The research instrument used in this study is a survey questionnaire that was distributed to a sample of 254 women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. The population of this study comprises women entrepreneurs who are running their own ventures in various sectors of the economy. Comparative analyses were done on the data. The results show that women entrepreneurs who are relatively younger in age are more motivated, initiative, and productive to achieve targets related to entrepreneurial matters. Moreover, the study found that educated women entrepreneurs are more likely to succeed and enjoy more success than uneducated ones. Based on the findings of this study, several recommendations are provided for policymakers, government agencies, and other stakeholders. Firstly, policymakers should focus on creating an enabling environment for women entrepreneurs by providing them with access to finance, training, and other necessary resources. Secondly, government agencies should develop programs and policies that specifically target women entrepreneurs and address the challenges they face in starting and running their own ventures. Thirdly, the education system should be reformed to provide women entrepreneurs with the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in their ventures. Finally, further research is needed to explore other demographic factors that may influence the success of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan.
IMPACT OF STUDY HABITS ON PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS AT UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL IN DERA GHAZI KHAN, PAKISTAN; COMPARATIVE STUDY
It is said that study habits reflect the behavior of learners. In the educational span the students could not progress without good study habits. Therefore, this research study examined the comparative study of impact of study habits on performance of students at undergraduate level in Dera Ghazi Khan; Pakistan. Two null hypotheses were formulated for this research. This research was descriptive in nature and survey method was used for data collection. The sample was selected 300 out of 1500 students of BS Chemistry of university of Education, Lahore (Campus Dera Ghazi Khan) for data collection. . Chi square, t-test, Mean, Standard Deviation were used for data analysis. The finding of the study explored that there is significant relationship between study habits and performance of the students in their academic achievements and also revealed that female students have significantly mean difference than male students. It was recommended that university lecturers, counselors, and also high authorities should work collaboratively and guide learners (especially male learners) on how to increase good and efficient study habits; in this manner enhancing and developing their scholastic success.
NOMADISM AND SEDENTARY VICTIMIZATION: THE FULANI-HERDERS CONUNDRUM IN NIGERIA
Nomadism which refers to a way of life of people who do not live continually in a place but move cyclically and periodically is such that have been associated with much exertion of violence throughout record history. Following this custom of hostility, the nomads create intense tensions culminating in the lost of lives and property, vis-à-vis exacerbating security challenges among target communities they find vulnerable per time. The Khaldunian theory of social change holds that the nomads have marked characteristics which predisposes them to ferocity and also, besides perceived vulnerability, usually look out for a few enviable features in their would-be victims’ environments before lunching attack to take over the much-desired resources which they so crave. Lending support also to this line of thought is the Routine Activity theory of crime victimization espoused by Felson and Cohen which was explored alongside Khaldun’s theory to provide a reliable framework for the study. The paper particularly, sought to explore some nomadic factors that may be responsible for the terroristic trajectory of Hausa-Fulani herders in Nigeria with special interest in divulging few possible ways the victim communities might have contributed to their chronic victimization. The paper observed that farmers keep losing lands in their own communities, because of the absence of capable guardian to protect the sedentary farmers from the attacks of Fulani herders. In view to tackling this quagmire this crime trend has generated, it was recommended among others that a strong asabuyya be developed among sedentary communities, egocentrism which pernicious politicians exploit to get into power be strongly condemned beginning from the family level.
SEX FOR FAVOUR AND GRADES IN NIGERIAN SCHOOLS: AN INSULT ON INTELLECTUAL INTEGRITY AND FAIRNESS
The study examined how sex for favour in Nigerian schools, especially the universities, has assumed an alarming proportion and the seeming quietude by students, parents, the government, the judiciary, and the university authorities. The study relied heavily on the oral interview method (95%) to ascertain why the phenomenon has continued unabated and focused on the dire consequences emanating therefrom. From the findings, it was discovered that the judiciary, parents, students, university authorities, etc. are accomplices; the act undermines and discourages hard work, wastes time and resources, etc. It was recommended, among other things, to include: lecturers found culpable should be arrested, prosecuted, and quit their jobs without their gratuities and pension entitlements; in respect to employment, any employer who accepts or requests sex instead of capacity, efficiency, skills, and intellectualism should be outrightly jailed for a period of 20–30 years; and there should be a general awareness campaign embarked upon by the government, churches, and mosques on the need for hard work to achievement instead of sex for favour and any other service.
THE GCC: ATTEMPTS AT SUB-REGIONALISM IN THE PERSIAN GULF?
Regionalism plays the significant role to shape the world order. In one hand globalisation attracts attention in the study of world politics, on the other, regionalism considers regions as the basic element of world politics. However, it is still difficult to conceptualise region as scholars divide whether geographical proximity or cognitive and ideational factors or both perceptions form a region. Under such backdrop, this paper will epitomize the formation of an international organisation by six Persian Gulf countries in the form of the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council). These countries have a similar religious view, geographical proximity as well as similar objectives with joint destiny. Since its establishment, the GCC remains an instrumental actor of the region’s political and economic landscape although its performance is criticised and often branded as a failed or incomplete integration of states. Therefore, the paper enumerates the reasons behind the GCC’s regionalism. Analysing the security issues and socio-economic affairs, the paper points out the main challenges faced by the organisation and offers policy implications in brief.
THE TRANS-AFRICA HIGHWAY NETWORK: AN EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT CORRIDORS ON FOSTERING TRADE AND STIMULATING ECONOMIC GROWTH IN AFRICA
This article examines the impact of the Trans-Africa Highway Network on fostering trade and stimulating economic growth in Africa. Our research analyze whether the reduction in time to export and the share of transport services in commercial service exports, as facilitated by the international transport corridors, have a significant impact on the GDP of the investigated nine African countries included in Cairo – Cape Town Highway (TAH 4). Based on scientific evidence, we found that a reduction in customs procedures and an increase in the share of transport services lead to a 1.8% and 7.4% increase in overall average GDP, respectively. This study provides empirical evidence that supports the importance of international transport corridors in enhancing economic growth in Africa. Moreover, it provides policymakers with evidence-based recommendations to prioritize investments in transport infrastructure to foster trade and economic growth. The study utilized a quantitative research method and analyzed data from the nine African countries included in Cairo – Cape Town Highway (TAH 4) to obtain the results.
NEGOTIATING CULTURAL HYBRIDITY AND LIMINALITY IN KASHUA’S SECOND PERSON SINGULAR: A BHABHAIAN ANALYSIS
This paper aims to examine the theme of liminality and in-betweenness in the context of cultural hybridity in Kashua's novel, Second Person Singular. Using Bhabha's theory of liminality and in-betweenness as a theoretical framework, this qualitative research explores the liminal features in the text of selected novel. Obtained from the novel is examined and assessed using Bhabha's concept of liminality and the state of being in-between.The study reveals that the novel is replete with issues of liminality and in-betweenness, as the characters assimilate the identity of Western culture for fame, survival, and other purposes. They define themselves in terms of a Western identity that is neither purely their own nor purely alien, and hence they are living in a state of liminality and in-betweenness. Their journey from traditional native life to foreign Western life indicates their hybrid and liminal tendencies on their part. The study concludes that contemporary society is undoubtedly hybrid, lacking in individualistic features. This research will contribute to the existing knowledge in the field and provide valuable insights for future research.
CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN THE SELECTED NOVELS OF NADEEM ASLAM
Due to language contact, code switching and code mixing is frequently observed in multilingual and multiethnic countries like Pakistan. In this study the researcher aims to find the types of code switching and code mixing, the representation of culture through code switching and code mixing and the extinct to which code switching and code mixing is used in the novels ‘Maps for lost lovers’, ‘Season of Rain Birds’ and ‘The Wasted Vigil’ by Nadeem Aslam. Data is collected through content analysis to find out the most frequent type of code mixing and code switching by Asalm in the selected novels. The researcher has used the theory of Poplack for identifying the types of code switching and the theory of Muysken to identify the types of code mixing. To identify the categories of culture, theory of Kachru et al. is used. The results showed that intra-sentential switching is more common in the novels written in English and Insertion is most frequent type of code mixing in the selected novels. In the context of South Asian Englishes mode of address is very much observed through Code Switching and Code Mixing in the selected novels of Aslam.
THE IMPACT OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND JOB SATISFACTION
Total Quality Management (TQM) is an approach that focuses on continuous improvement, customer satisfaction, and employee involvement in organizations. This study aims to explore the impact of TQM on employee motivation and job satisfaction. It specifically investigates how the implementation of TQM practices influences employee motivation levels and job satisfaction within an organization. To achieve the objectives of this study, a quantitative research design was employed. Subsequently, data were collected through a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of employees in different organizations. The sample size consisted of 200 employees, randomly selected from different departments and hierarchical levels. The questionnaire assessed their perception of TQM practices, levels of motivation, and job satisfaction. The data were analyzed using statistical techniques such as correlation and regression analysis to determine the relationship between TQM, employee motivation, and job satisfaction. This study's findings add to the literature on TQM, employee motivation, and job satisfaction by demonstrating the connection between TQM procedures and employee outcomes through empirical evidence. The findings had real-world consequences for businesses that want to implement TQM programs to boost employee motivation and job satisfaction. TQM methods have been shown to have a good effect on employee motivation and job satisfaction, which in turn boosts organizational performance and employee well-being, and this study helped businesses understand the mechanisms by which these effects occur.
THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN THE SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
The successful implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) within an organization is heavily influenced by effective leadership. This study explores leadership’s role in successfully adopting and integrating TQM principles and practices. The research examines various leadership styles and behaviours that are associated with TQM implementation, as well as the impact of leadership on employee engagement, motivation, and commitment to quality improvement initiatives. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The study utilized a sample size of 300 employees from diverse industries and organizational sizes. The participants were selected through a stratified random sampling technique to ensure representativeness across different sectors. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires, measuring leadership styles, employee engagement, and quality improvement outcomes. The Leadership Behavior Inventory (LBI) was employed to assess leadership styles, while the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and the Quality Improvement Outcomes Questionnaire (QIOQ) were used to measure employee engagement and quality improvement outcomes, respectively. Qualitative data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with a subset of participants, selected through purposive sampling. The interviews aimed to obtain in-depth insights into leadership practices, employee perceptions, and challenges faced during TQM implementation. The findings of this study contribute to the existing literature by highlighting the critical role of leadership in TQM implementation success. The results reveal that transformational leadership behaviors, such as vision setting, empowerment, and effective communication, positively influence employee engagement and commitment to quality improvement. Additionally, it was observed that leaders who foster a supportive organizational culture and provide resources and training for TQM initiatives facilitate the successful integration of TQM principles into daily operations. This study underscores the importance of leadership in driving organizational change and emphasizes the need for leadership development programs focused on TQM implementation. The findings can inform practitioners and organizations seeking to enhance their TQM efforts by emphasizing the role of leadership in creating a culture of quality and continuous improvement.
EDUCATION OF LEGAL TRANSLATION: NEEDS, HORIZON, AND CHALLENGES IN PAKISTAN
New Pakistan needs a huge number of professional translators to be communicative agents in the global village meeting the needs of the gigantic economic project CPEC, all legal circles, diplomatic domains, and a large number of institutions along with the individual needs of people. In terms of professional legal translators, Pakistan faces a number of challenges to fill the gap in the domains of legal translations such as the utilization of legal translation tool, preparation of term banks, databases, bilingual and multilingual legal translation dictionaries, terminography of legal domains. On the other hand, the verdict of Supreme Court regarding induction of Urdu as the official language of correspondence in all the governmental, semi-governmental and other substitute organizations. So, this decision put all the institutions in a big challenge of finding and induction of huge number of professional translators in various domains such as law, medical, media, commerce, trade, economics, business, political circles and education. Hence, focusing on legal institutions, a huge number of translators are needed to be employed for the faithful transfer of legal decisions, legal texts, legal correspondence from Urdu to English and vice versa and other diplomatic languages. Therefore, looking to the dire need of professional translators in legal domains, it is the time to put translation as a subject in the educational institutions accepting the interdisciplinary nature of legal translation, and to carry out the serious text transfer activity. The International Islamic University of Pakistan Islamic has the credit of establishing a full department of Translation & Interpretation. Whereas, the law department has a big space for the education of Legal Translation. All these challenges, future horizons, and CPEC project justify the education of legal translations in the academic programs. Therefore, the study aims at finding out the areas, needs, and space for the education of legal translation keeping in view the broad translational challenges in New Pakistan.
DEVELOPING AND TESTING AN INCLUSIVE MODEL OF ACADEMICIANS’ KNOWLEDGE SHARING USING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and assess an intention-formation model by identifying the critical factors from the literature that are linked to the willingness of academicians to share their knowledge. The theory of planned behavior is utilized to provide the necessary conceptual support to the proposed model. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative research design was employed to collect 355 valid responses from the teaching staff of Pakistani universities using adopted scales in a phased manner. The cross-sectional data was subsequently presented to partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to validate the measurement model and confirm the proposed relationships. Findings Among the original predictors, attitude and behavioral control exhibited a significant and positive effect on knowledge sharing intention, while subjective norm failed to demonstrate the same. Among the added predictors, the variables of enjoyment in helping others, knowledge sharing culture, and self-efficacy yielded significant and positive results. However, the variables of perceived organizational incentive and reciprocal benefits could not return significant results. Research, Practical & Social implications The study recommends that university administrators should take into account both organizational and individual factors to comprehensively comprehend the knowledge sharing behavior of academicians and formulate an appropriate knowledge sharing strategy. Suggested steps include cultivating a knowledge sharing culture to motivate academicians, implementing a knowledge sharing reward system, and providing opportunities for scholars to share and exchange their knowledge for the collective benefit. Originality/value This study has presented an inclusive theoretical framework for comprehending the knowledge sharing intention of academicians, which contributes to the ongoing discourse in this field and sets the groundwork for more targeted and insightful investigations.
EFFECTS OF STRENGTH, AGILITY AND QUICKNESS (SAQ) TRAINING ON SELECTED PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS AMONG FOOTBALL PLAYERS
The main purpose of this study was to examine the health and skill related specific parameters of football players by utilizing the Strength, Agility and Quickness (S.A.Q) training program. This research was carried out during the preparation phase for intervarsity sports competition year 2021-22. The age of subjects was between 18 to 25 years with normal BMI range of healthy weight (18.5 to 24.9). After proper screening of the subjects with the help of Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q), they were divided into two equal groups. The Experimental Group (EG) and Control Group (CG) were comprised of 25 players. The SAQ training was given to experimental group for the duration of 12 week and the control group was untreated. The parameters of physical components were speed, agility, power while the component of kicking was assessed before and after the completion of 12 week from both groups. The result of the study explains that S.A.Q training program produced a significant improvement in selected parameters of football players. Therefore, it has been concluded that performance parameters such as speed, agility and power among football players can be improved through SAQ training.
GENDER, MACHINE, AND SOCIETY: EXPLORING POSTHUMAN IDENTITIES IN PIERCY'S NOVEL, HE, SHE AND IT
This research analyzes Piercy's novel "He, She and It" through the lens of Feminist Poststructuralist Discourse Analysis (FPDA) to explore the theme of posthuman identities. Posthumanism challenges traditional notions of human identity, arguing that agency, consciousness, and social meaning are not exclusive to humans. The study reveals that the novel challenges conventional understandings of identity and subjectivity, highlighting the fluidity and negotiability of boundaries between humans, machines, and society. It analyzes how Yod's character is often described in gendered terms, reinforcing that technology and machines are inherently gendered and perpetuating associated masculine and feminine qualities. Additionally, the analysis uncovers the presence of patriarchal power structures and their impact on the characters' lives. The research delves into the language used to highlight power imbalances and the need to challenge patriarchal authority.
THE POTENTIAL OF CPEC IN PROMOTING CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN
This review paper examines the potential of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in promoting tourism development and cultural heritage in Pakistan. It highlights the diverse tourism opportunities in Pakistan and the challenges that need to be addressed. The paper also proposes three approaches for promoting tourism in Pakistan: digital technologies for tourism promotion, public-private partnerships for infrastructure development, and sustainable tourism development. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a concerted effort from the government, private sector, and civil society to fully realize the potential of CPEC in promoting tourism development and cultural heritage in Pakistan.
THE SERVICES OF MUSLIMS IN THE EVOLUTION OF SCIENCE
Medicine is a science that every human being needs. In ancient times the methods of treatment were different in countries .That is why this knowledge was present in every nation in one form or another but historians state that it was founded by the Chaldeans in Babylon and then spread to all other nations .At that time most diseases were cured by witch craft and Gods as in Greece , Arabia and India , But the Chaldeans were the first people to find a cure for diseases through medicine . The first step towards the art of medicine in the Islamic era was during the time of the Abbasid Caliph Mansoor .Even during the time of the Umayyad Caliphs, some books on medicine were written but the ancient books were not translated .They were based solely on the experiences and observations of the Arabs .Mansoor is the first caliph of the Islam who became interested in translating ancient books but in his time only books on astrology , geometry and medicine were translated. In the civilized nations before Islam , the degree to which medicine was advanced was achived by the Muslims. Because he translated the works of Greek and Syriac Physicians , such as Hippocrates and Galen , into his own language. He also had a collection of medical treatises and information from Persia and India , the best example of which is Al –Muluki , which was written by Abu Baker Razi ( who was called Galenus ) for Azd– al- Dawla . The Arabs due to their intelligent nature also started writing in this field.The Arabs due to their innate intelligence did great research in the knowledge and wrote many books.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN MADRASSAS: EMPOWERING SCHOLARS FOR LIVELIHOOD AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN
The article explores the importance of technical education in madrassas in Pakistan, highlighting the need for a balanced education that includes both Islamic and technical knowledge. While learning Islamic knowledge is mandatory for scholars to become better Muslims and serve their communities, technical education can equip them with the necessary skills to secure livelihoods and contribute to community development. The article presents the challenges faced by madrassa graduates in finding meaningful employment and emphasizes the importance of technical skills in today's economy. It showcases successful examples of madrassas that have integrated technical education into their curriculum and highlights the stories of madrassa graduates who have gone on to become successful professionals. The article also discusses the challenges faced by madrassas in providing technical education and proposes possible solutions, such as partnerships with government agencies and NGOs, and the use of technology to deliver online education. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the significance of technical education in madrassas for both scholars and their communities. It calls upon stakeholders to support and invest in technical education programs in madrassas to empower scholars for livelihood and community development. By combining Islamic and technical education, madrassas can produce well-rounded individuals who are better equipped to navigate the modern world while staying true to their faith and values.
WOMEN SUBALTERNITY: A STUDY OF ELIF SHAFAK’S NOVEL 10 MINUTES 38 SECONDS IN THIS STRANGE WORLD
This study investigates the oppressed and marginalized female characters of 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in this Strange World, who have been driven subaltern socially and religiously. It further explores how the female subalterns become the victim of violence in the society having patriarchal structure. Elif Shafak’s (2019) 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in this Strange World has been taken as the primary source of data. Moreover, the data has also been gathered from secondary sources stated in the section of references. The text which the researchers have picked has been evaluated in the light of theoretical framework of Spivak’s (1988) concept of silencing the women who are treated as subaltern in Indian society.The study employs a qualitative content analysis method to delineate the picture of subalternity of women that occurs in selected novel.It seeks to exhibit the marginalized female characters’ endeavors for their survival and freedom from the adamantine shackles of suppression and violence. It replies the question “Can a subaltern speak?” as ‘no’. Hence, it bears the lesson that female subalterns, due to the patriarchal structure and domestic colonialism, can express neither their thoughts nor feelings. Tequila Leila along with her three best female friends has to face violence and oppression. They try utmost to rebel against their subalternity. But the stronghold of patriarchal set up crushes their rebellion, snatching their freedom.
THE TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF SUNJA’S CHARACTER IN PACHINKO
Transitivity is a multipurpose strategy that is being utilized not only by linguists and literary critics in their works but also by the average human beings to make their motives prominent and reflect them through the language in their daily lives. Nevertheless, various users achieve transitivity variedly. The present study aims to explore how experiential meanings of the main character are constructed via transitivity system through the specific linguistic choices in Min Jin Lee’s novel Pachinko. For the application of the theory, the researchers decide to employ UAM Corpus Tool 6.2 (Donnell, 2008) to highlight the recurrent transitivity processes quantitatively in the novel. The processes derived are then examined qualitatively to fulfil the objectives of study under consideration. Therefore, the given research is endeavored as a work of mix-method strategy. The present study further analyses the happenings, doings, feelings, emotions, sentiments, thought processes, and personal traits of the female protagonist as she functions in the society on everyday basis. Pedagogically, it also attempts to explore the relationship between linguistic structures and socially constructed meaning in a literary text to highlight the aesthetic and universal importance of the events, which may be proved helpful in the everyday life of the readers and students.
ONSET SYLLABLE CLUSTERING IN PAKISTANI ENGLISH: OPTIMALITY ANALYSIS
In Pakistan, English is widely used as language of education and office correspondence. Pakistani English emerged as distinct non-native variety with its own morphological and phonological features. The current study aims to describe the onset clustering within the optimality theory framework. The study applies optimality theory and praat analysis for description of the phenomenon. The study reveals that Pakistani speakers use epenthesis to overcome the problems of sonority sequencing. The spectrographic features confirm the short vowel insertion between ‘CC’ clusters at the onset position.
EFFECT OF EDUCATION AND PROPERTY RIGHTS ON FEMALE EMPOWERMENT IN DISTRICT FAISALABAD
Women are facing several barriers concerned to socio economic empowerment like a little job opportunities, profitable skills, low-paid and low status jobs and sexual harassment. Education increases women’s awareness of their surroundings and enables them to make rational decisions. The present study was aimed to assess the effects of education and property rights on of women empowerment in Faisalabad district. Multistage sampling technique was employed to select the sample; at first stage two tehsils from Faisalabad district were selected by using simple random sampling technique. At second stage four union councils (two from each tehsil) were selected randomly and at third stage 200 females (50 from each union council) were selected randomly for collection of data by using well structured interview schedule. Both descriptive and inferential statistics was used for data analysis. In univariate analysis such as frequency, percentage was used to describe the data. In bivariate analysis, relationship among different variables was examined through applying chi-square and gamma tests. The results of the study showed that majority of the respondents belong to the age group of 20-34 year. A major portion of the females had no power to perform their daily activities according to their own will. Majority of them thought that the main causes of their subordination were illiteracy, patriarchal system, cultural/religious values and lack of awareness of their rights. To improve the women empowerment situation it is suggested that, the government should make the arrangements to empower the women through organized efforts within institutions where patriarchal values prevail.
HUMAN EMBEDDEDNESS WITH NATURE IN SHAMSIE’S IN THE CITY BY THE SEA: AN ECOCRITICAL CRITIQUE
This study deals with theme of human embeddedness with nature in the novel, In the City by the Sea by Kamila Shamsie through an ecocritical lens. It analyzes the relationship between humans and their natural surroundings, highlighting the significance of ecological consciousness, environmental degradation, and the potential for harmonious coexistence. Shamsie’s vivid descriptions of the natural world emphasize its connection to the characters’ emotional well-being. This study also examines how the novel intertwines environmental issues with broader social and political concerns. By employing an ecocritical framework, the study demonstrates the novel's role in fostering ecological consciousness and advocating for a sustainable relationship between humans and nature. Additionally, the present research briefly mentions Shamsie’s portrayal of Karachi in novel, a highly urbanized city in Pakistan, as a representation of the environmental challenges faced by many cities worldwide. The current study is an addition to the existing body of knowledge in domain of ecocriticism and aims to make an authentic contribution and expand the scholarship on Pakistani fiction by exploring the human embeddedness with nature.
POLITICAL REPRESENATION OF CARTOONS PUBLISHED IN PAKISTANI ENGLISH NEWSPAPERS: A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS
Cartoon art is an essential aspect of political and social sarcasm, especially in print media, where it is strategically employed to construct and shape public opinion. Though cartoons represent an overstatement of a person or an event for producing a humorous effect, they highlight the harsh realities (i.e., social injustices, social evil, and corruption) of a society in an indirect and light manner. This study aims to explore the linguistic and semiotic aspects of cartoons in the editorial section of Pakistani English newspapers. More specifically, the study explores how Pakistani English newspapers’ editorials make a satirical use of cartoon art to highlight the political issues; what political issues have been projected through cartoons; how the linguistic and semiotic choices within a cartoon art project its drawer’s perception; and how these choices indirectly construct public opinion. The study followed qualitative methodology in exploring three cartoons collected through random sampling techniques from three Pakistani English newspapers Dawn, The Nation and Daily Times. The data is analyzed by using the theory of Charles Sanders Peirces (1860) Triadic Semiosis. The results indicate that the drawers expertly display their artistic skills in portraying a harsh political issue in an indirect way— satire and humor. These cartoons shape the worldview of the readers; therefore, they are an important aspect of print media editorials. The study is significant in highlighting aspects of cartoon art for disseminating information and constructing public opinions.
EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY ON SOCIAL COHESION: A CRITICAL STUDY OF INTER-FAITH RELATIONS IN PAKISTAN
In contemporary times, the multifaceted nature of religious diversity in Pakistan has garnered significant academic attention, prompting intense debate and rigorous analysis. The nebulous impact of this diversity on social cohesion has become an area of critical research. It stresses a closer examination of the intricate relationships between disparate religious communities in the country. It is a painstakingly conducted study and this research endeavors to shed fresh light on this complex web of inter-faith relations. This study engendered a complex and perplexing social cohesion paradigm in Pakistan. We used existing literature to explore the role of civil society, government, and religious institutions in promoting social cohesion and examine the effectiveness of their efforts to promote inter-faith harmony. The findings of our research have significant implications for policymakers, civil society, and religious institutions in Pakistan. This paper makes a valuable contribution to the literature on religious diversity and social cohesion in Pakistan, by providing new insights and evidence-based recommendations.
MODES OF POSTCOLONIAL RESISTANCE IN RED SORGHUM BY MO YAN
The article probes Red Sorghum to extract modes of postcolonial resistance by taking into account the ideas of Frantz Fanon and Ngugi Wa Thiong’o. Mo Yan harshly criticizes colonial invaders in his native land and applies Fanon’s theory i.e. violence in return of violence and glorifies his own primitive culture. The author reacts against the mainstream literature and promotes multiculturalism in literary canon as Ngugi Wa Thiong’o did. Mo Yan firstly explores serenity of his culture, secondly intervention of colonial invaders who manipulate the simple rustic life, and finally presents resistant activism which tries to maintain the precolonial atmosphere by struggling to shove off the colonial powers. Mo Yan. This is a qualitative research which investigates Mo Yan’s way of reaction against the powers who try to intrude in the normal functioning of rustic life in Northeast China.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF WESTERN CONCEPT OF WOMEN'S INDEPENDENCE AND THE WOMEN RIGHTS DEFINED IN ISLAMIC SHARI'A
Due to the divergence of cultural practices in the Muslim world from an Islamic perspective as well as the false notion in the West that Islam subjugates women, the status of women in Islam is a topic that is still relevant today. An objective examination of Islam's foundational texts and an examination of women's status in civilizations where Islam was practiced actually demonstrate that Islam is a special blessing for women.Women have a unique place and status in Islam. It emphasizes women's greatness and the emancipation of women, and dismisses the Western conception of women's liberation as a lie. Women in the West are being exploited in the name of freedom. In the Holy Qur'an, Allah says: "ھُنَّ لِبَاسٌ لَّکُمْ وَ اَنْتُمْ لِبَاسٌ لَّھُن"[i] Translation: “They are your clothing, and you are theirs.” Islam views both men and women equally and does not in any way devalue women. Islamic law accords women a position and status that is unmatched in human history. The article that follows will give a critical overview of how the Western idea of women's independence differs from the rights guaranteed by Islamic law.
THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-ASSISTED LEARNING ON CHILDREN: A CASE STUDY OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN
This paper intends to explore the use of technology in classrooms and its effects on the learning ability and social exposure of children at the private-sector schools in district Mardan and Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The population of this study involved the students of Kindergarten, Grade I, and II, studying at Beaconhouse School System, The City School, and Roots Millennium, located in these districts. 5o students from the said population were selected through simple random sampling and they participated in this study by filling out a close-ended questionnaire. As theoretical background, this study used Vygotsky’s (1978) perspective of technical tools in the digital age, affecting the cognitive development of a child. The data is represented quantitatively in terms of frequency (percentages) through column charts. The findings of this study reveal that these children learn with different forms of technology in their classrooms such as computers, internet, projector, iPad, and tablet. In addition, they memorize things easily with this way of learning. Such learning is not only limited to their classrooms but they have also these various forms of technology at homes. It is also concluded that social exposure of children is not affected if the teachers make careful use of technology in the classrooms. This paper also encourages the government-sectors schools to install various forms of technology in classrooms for better learning. However, there is a need to explore this study by increasing the number of students and to address the challenges pertinent to government regarding the implementation of technology-assisted learning in schools.
MASCULINITY IN FEMALES AND FEMININITY IN MALES: EMERGENCE OF CRITICAL REFLEXIVITY IN PAKISTANI FASHION AND BUSINESS MAGAZINES
This paper presents a multimodal discourse study on the construction of critical gender reflexive discourse both textually and visually. The specificity of the research is based on the hypothesis that this study delineates the transformation of gender roles in the fields of Fashion and Business in Pakistan. Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA) with particularity of Critical Gender Reflexivity taken as theoretical basis, this study disseminates the reflexive patterns in the data sets retrieved from the two Pakistani Fashion (She) and Business (Flare) magazines. Through the integration of social semiotics (Kress and Leeuwen; 1996) and Fairclough’s model of Critical discourse analysis as the methodological framework, the present study revealed the construction of gender reflexivity through portrayal of femininity in men and masculinity in women. The results of the study revealed that the discourse structures were formulated using representation of participants with linguistic devices such as tag lines and narrative and conceptual images visually. Moreover, lexis and registers were also employed linguistically to relate identities; whereas, eyeliners and both horizontal and vertical angles were used to depict identities visually. The results also revealed that the social structures and the underlying ideologies are responsible for the incarnation of such discourses.
GENDER ORIENTED IDEOLOGY AND POWER RELATIONS IN THE FILMS ‘LIVE FROM BAGHDAD’ AND ‘OSAMA’: A COMPARATIVE FEMINIST CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
The current study exposes the gender oriented power relations and ideology represented in the two films ‘Live from Baghdad” and “Osama”. The study employs the five key principles such as Feminist Analytical Activism, Gender and Ideology, Gender and Power Relations, Gender Deconstruction and Gender Reflexivity of Feminist Discourse Analysis to explore the data set retrieved from the two films. The results of the study reveal the implicit domains of male oriented power construction and ideological structures in both the Western and Eastern societies through discourse. Finally, the study also exposes the Western orientation of the Eastern Muslim Women. The study reveals the stereotypical representation of biased view of Western society of gender differences in the Muslim world and ultimately, highlight the Muslim communities as where gender discrimination is practiced as part of their religion, culture and ethnicity.
VISUAL AND LINGUISTIC NARRATIVE STRUCTURES IN MIGRATION DISCOURSE: A SOCIO-COGNITIVE SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF MULTIMODAL PROJECTION OF AFGHAN MIGRANTS LIVING IN PAKISTAN
The turmoil of 21st-century Middle Eastern and South Asian wars has resulted in a large group of people who have been displaced from their homeland. From this perspective, the Afghan community is the most protracted nation that has been subjected to the brutalities of Russian and American invasions. Pakistan being a generous neighbour has always welcomed their Afghan brothers and provided a makeshift home for them. Even though coming to Pakistan, has saved the Afghan migrants from the torturing war, their living conditions have struck rock bottom. The current study, using Muhammad Muheisen and UNHCR’s online multimodal galleries as data sets, reveals and investigates the counter-narrative represented in their virtual multimodal projection. The study, using Socio-Cognitive Approach to Visual Grammar analytical framework, reveals that the visual and linguistic narrative structures employed in the data sets reflect underlying social structures constructed on the domains of cognition. Finally, the study is an academic voice to the plight of Afghan migrants living in Pakistan.
PAKISTAN’S ECONOMIC RECOVERY IN THE MIDST OF GROWING POLITICAL INSTABILITY: A CLASSICAL CASE
The purpose of this research piece is to examine the chances and problems that Pakistan's economy has encountered in light of the country's rising political unrest. It studies the effects of political unpredictability on economic growth and development and analyses Pakistan's methods and policies for achieving economic recovery in the face of such difficult conditions. The article uses a variety of academic research and case studies to provide light on the well-known instance of Pakistan's economic recovery in the face of political unrest. Pakistan, a nation that has gone through political unrest in the past, is today juggling the task of economic recovery with escalating political unrest. This study offers a thorough examination of the complex interplay between political unrest and growth in the economy of Pakistan, putting it forward as a traditional case study. This paper examines the complex dynamics and inter-dependencies between political instability and economic recovery by drawing on a theoretical framework that includes the concepts of political economy, institutional theory, and dependency theory. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the complex dynamics between political unrest and economic recovery in Pakistan. By understanding these interdependencies, policymakers can formulate targeted strategies to navigate challenges and foster long-term economic stability and development.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF GOVERNANCE AND POLITICS IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN 1947-1971
The paper is primarily dealing with the governance and politics in Pakistan after its emergence in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah tried his best to set up a good governance system in the country as a founding father. Muslim League as dominant political party formed its government but different conspiracies and involvement of undemocratic forces affected the governance and politics during this era. Non-elected behaviour created un rest in the country and due to the behavior of the political leaders, Ayub take over, his political and administrative strategies, 1st Martial Law put its influence on politics not only but the EBDO also destabilized democracy in Pakistan. This paper is an attempt to high light the governance and politics of Pakistan 1947-1971 how political leadership and military intervene influenced on governance and politics.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SHAKESPEARE’S OTHELLO AND PASHTO FOLK TALE SHER ALAM MEMUNAI
This study has focused the comparison of the two literary works of English and Pashto, Othello, a Shakespearean play and Sher Alam and Memunai, a Pashto folk tale. Besides the comparison of the two protagonists, Othello and Sher Alam, thematic affinity, other points of convergence and divergence, in these two tragedies belonging to different ages, languages, cultures and areas have been explored and analyzed. Thematic affinity and contrast in terms of different characters besides the protagonists, like villains, heroines and fathers of heroines have also been analyzed. The center of discussion are the protagonists, as both of them suffer from the tragic flaw of jealousy and suspicion, which play an important role in leading them towards the cruel act of murdering their innocent wives, on the incitation of the villains, and bringing upon their own tragic end as well. In this study an effort has been made to provide the thematic affinity and also the striking contrasts in the two works of literature, Shakespeare’s Othello, and the Pashto folk tale, Sher Alam and Memunai.
ANALYSIS OF THE OBJECTIONS TO SHEIKH IBN ARABI REGARDING THE BELIEF IN THE END OF PROPHETHOOD
In Aqeedah, the problem of the end of Prophethood is of fundamental importance. Prophet ﷺ’s being the last prophet is proven by the clear texts of the Book and Sunnah. Its sensitivity can be estimated from the fact that there is no room for doubt in it, because in the religion of Islam, the belief in the end of Prophethood has been declared as the basis of faith. This is a basic stone on which the lofty building of the religion of Islam has been established. In the event of this foundation disappearing, the entire building will collapse and become a mess. For this reason, the Muslim Ummah has considered it as an essential part of its faith in every age. In view of the delicacy of this faith, every Muslim is always ready to protect it and cannot imagine every obstacle put up by the deniers of the end of Prophethood in the age of laziness and laziness, even though this goal has been achieved. He had to sacrifice his life for that. Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (Radi Allahu Anhu) first waged Jihad against the false claimants of Prophethood. Following them, scholars and researchers of all eras participated in this field. Shaykh Ibn Arabi is also counted among the scholars and Sufis who discussed the doctrine of the end of Prophethood. In this regard, various researchers have commented on his statements. Some have considered these statements as kufr, some have declared them infidels, according to some, all the objectionable statements are appended statements, they have no connection whatsoever with the Shaykh, while some of them have all his statements. It has been interpreted in them by saying the related “Shatahiyat”. It is necessary to bring forward the opinions of researchers regarding these statements of Sheikh. In view of this need, the article under review has been written.
INVESTIGATION INTO ATHEISM OF RHAZES (ABU BAKR AL-RAZI)
Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Zakariyya al-Razi, known in the West as Rhazes, was great Muslim Scientist especially a medical expert, philosopher, and a polymath of the 10th Century CE. His works have been translated into many languages of the world and his books have been taught until seventeenth century in the Europe. However, some European scholars have claimed that al-Razi was an atheist who neither believes in the divine institution of the Prophecy nor believes in the religious scriptures. This paper deals with this important issue to reach a conclusion. For this, the concerned literature has been carefully studied to reach the conclusion. In this regard, the concerned book of al-Razi has also been studied. After the careful study and mindful investigation into the literature, this paper argues that the claim of atheism has not been substantiated with strong and unequivocal arguments. The books on which this claim has been made are not extant and not included in the list of the works of al-Razi.
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF FEMINIST RIGHTS AND OPINIONS OF MUSLIM SCHOLARS OF 20TH CENTURY
The Holy Qur'an is the holy word of God. Allah, the Exalted, has given humanity a unique excellence among His countless creatures. Allah's religion Islam has brought the message of honor, dignity and protection of rights to humanity. Before Islam, every weak section of the society was under the influence of the powerful section. The plight of women and slaves was the most vulnerable. The story of the oppression of women in this region is very long, India, Egypt, China, Arab and other countries, so that the mountains of oppression against women were broken in every nation, where the people of Arabs used to start preparing for the burial of women as soon as they were born. In any civilization of the world, he did not have economic, social, political, hereditary rights, even he did not have the right to cry. She has always lived as a submissive. No culture and religion in the world gave her the rights she deserved. Then the sun of Islam rose, which did a great favor to the woman, lifting her from the pits of lowness and raising her to the heights. The Prophet ﷺ came to this world as a mercy to the worlds and by the command of God enlightened women about their rights. Feminism is the most important topic of the 20th century. Scholars of the East and West have written a lot on it and the Western slogan of equality between men and women has also affected the women of Muslim society. The movements related to feminism from the West have both support and disagreement regarding Islam. Most of which is because many local, cultural customs and negative prejudices have been accepted as part of Islamic education, which has led to social changes in the modern era. That’s why it’s a time to take the opinion of Islamic scholars of 20th century about the rights of feminism in Islam.
DECODING HISTORY AND SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION THROUGH THE LENS OF ERA-DEFINING TRENDS IN PAKISTAN’S POSTAGE STAMP DESIGN
Symbols and artefacts of a country often indicate the historical trajectory and sociocultural history of that country. Despite being able to capture essential aspects of a nation's identity, cultural legacy, political views, and significant events, postage stamps are frequently disregarded as windows into a nation's soul. This study uses semiotic analysis to interpret Pakistan's narrative as depicted in the postage stamp designs, a country with a rich tapestry of history and culture. Our research focuses on a sample size of 70 carefully chosen stamps, each representing Pakistan's major historical eras, cultural components, or socio-political ideologies. This research spans a broad chronology of seven decades from 1947 to 2023. The stamps provided thorough insight into the nation's diversified and lively narrative thanks to the rigorous selection procedure. The study applies the semiotics method to decipher the signs and symbols on the postage stamps to reveal the narratives they contain about Pakistan's changing identity. Each stamp is given a close examination, with its design features, colours, symbols, and the people or events they depict being analyzed in light of the time it was published. The importance of postal stamps as potent symbolic weapons used by the state is highlighted by our preliminary results. They have had a crucial role in forming the national identity, highlighting cultural heritage, advancing political views, and honoring landmarks and critical historical events. Examining the shifting trends in stamp design provides a unique view into the subtle changes in Pakistan's social milieu and the development of its historical narrative. In shedding light on these findings, the study provides a new lens to perceive and understand the journey of Pakistan as a nation from its inception to the present day. It argues for the recognition of postage stamps as more than mere facilitators of communication - they are, in essence, miniature canvases narrating a country's ongoing story. As such, they hold potential for further research and can be a valuable resource for historians, sociocultural researchers, and philatelists.
PROMINENT AUTOBIOGRAPHIES IN URDU (AN ANALYTICAL STUDY)
An autobiography is a well-known and reliable genre of prose literature of Urdu. Under this, the celebrities tell the real story of their life's ups and downs without any reduction. The purpose of writing an autobiography is self-revelation and this is only possible if the writer is truthful and honest. Wherever truth is lost, Autobigraphie's art does not reach the heights of art. In this article, an analytical study of five best autobiographies in Urdu is presented; namely "Zarguzasht" by Mushtaq Ahmad Yousufi, "Shahab Nama" by Qudrat ullah Shahab, "Yaadon Ki Barat" by Josh Malihabadi, "Jahan-e-danish" by Ehsan Danish and Mirza Adeeb's "Mitti Ka Diya". These five autobiographies are of special importance in Urdu literature.
PSYCHOANALYSIS OF THE TWO PROTAGONISTS: “OTHELLO” IN THE SHAKESPEAREAN TRAGEDY OTHELLO AND “SHER ALAM” IN THE PASHTO FOLK TALE SHER ALAM MEMUNAI
This study has psychoanalytically analyzed themes of jealousy and suspicion in the characters of the two protagonists, Othello, from Shakespearean tragedy Othello, and Sher Alam, from the Pashto folk tale, Sher Alam Memunai. For the purpose of psychoanalysis of the two protagonists, Freud’s pathological jealousy and other psychoanalytical approaches that are closely related to the Freudian theory have also been applied to them. While taken in the Freudian perspective of psychoanalysis, both the protagonists under discussion are termed as neurotic and narcissistic individuals who are predisposed to pathological jealousy and suspicion. This pathological jealousy leads them in a fit of fury in which they kill their chaste and innocent wives impulsively without confirming their guilt. Soon after their cruel act they realized that their wives were innocent, and that they were guilty of a heinous and inhuman act, which was a guiltless murder. The painful realization became the cause of Othello’s commission of suicide and Sher Alam’s end was more or less in a similar way, very painful.
EFFECTS OF TEACHERS’ TEACHING BEHAVIOR ON STUDENTS’ SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE
Formal education focuses on the overall development of students including the social intelligence. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the effects of teachers’ teaching behavior on the social intelligence of their students at secondary level. The main objectives of the study were to investigate teachers’ teaching behavior and its dominant aspects, to measure the level of student’s social intelligence, and to measure the effects of teachers’ teaching behavior and students’ social intelligence at secondary level. The study was conducted following quantitative descriptive research design. Secondary school teachers and students constituted the study population, from which a sample of 168 teachers 452 students was selected through cluster random sampling techniques. The data were collected through self-developed questionnaires. After ensuring of psychometric properties of the questionnaires (validity & reliability) the data were collected and were analyzed through mean scores, standard deviation, Pearson correlation and independent sample t-test and Cohen’s D effect size calculator. The results reflected that teachers’ teaching behavior was positive and support from all its aspects including instructional, emotional and social wellbeing and administrative behaviors. Similarly, male and female students’ have high level of social intelligence. Therefore, it was recommended that teachers may be furthermore gave training to develop their teaching behavior and students may provide ample opportunities of interactions to further develop their social intelligence.
BRIDGING THE DIVIDE: THE ORDEALS AND TRIUMPHS OF A BLACK MAN IN WHITE AMERICA
The study of any aspect of African-American society necessitates an examination of its history, as their unique experiences have profoundly influenced their lives. Literature serves as a verbal expression of a community's thoughts and emotions, making an understanding of the factors that shape their imagination and thinking patterns crucial for analyzing their literary works. According to Houstoun A. Baker Jr., Black Literature in America (1971), much like the Black American population, is largely a product of social circumstances. Studies in Afro-American literature often incorporate socio-historic perspectives. A comprehensive understanding of the black community's history is essential for examining any literary trend or aspect. This particular study aims to assess the influence of black nationalism and black Muslim movements on African-American literature. However, to fully grasp the significance, it is crucial to explore the socio-political and religious implications of the Islamic experience and the underlying conditions that contributed to this phenomenon.
THE ISLAMIC NARRATIVE OF BASIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS OF UNDP
The individual and collective ambitions of all Muslims should be aligned with the utmost guidance given to them in the form of the Quran and Sunnah. It is significant for Muslims to learn and apply the Islamic perspective on the three most important development indicators stated by the United Nations Human Development in its Report 1990 and detailed in the recent SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals). These are Health, literacy, and a better standard of living. The study aims to highlight the Islamic narrative on these three aspects of life as an indicator of development. The method of the present study is a qualitative grounded theory. For this purpose, data was gathered from the study population which consisted of the Quran and authentic Ahadith. The study concluded that Human Development is one of the core targets of Islam. It establishes a system of worship that advances them towards real development which not only comprises the three indicators (longevity, knowledge, and decent living) but ads and advocates for one more essential ingredient, which is spirituality and strength of a human soul, to form a revolutionary human in this world and in the hereafter.
SURREALISM: TECHNIQUES, LITERARY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL BACKGROUND (IN THE CONTEXT OF WESTERN AND URDU LITERARY CRITICISM)
During the early 20th century, surrealism was one of the most popular trends and techniques in literature. Previously, it had been used in art. It is heavily influenced by Freud's “Theory of Psychoanalysis”. In western fiction and then in Urdu fiction writings, this technique was being used to achieve the reality of human psychology, their desires, thinking and fantasies that they cannot express publicly due to social limitations, and should be expressed at an individual level without any restrictions. The hidden truths of human unconsciousness are conveyed through Surrealism's techniques of Dreamy, Ambiguity, and Soliloquy.
UNVEILING THE COMPLEXITIES: A DECONSTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF RAJIV KHANDELWAL’S POETRY COLLECTION “A MONUMENT TO PIGEONS”
The objective of the research is to uncover the underlying structures and subversive elements present in Rajiv Khandelwal’s poetry collection titled “A Monument to Pigeons.” This is achieved through a deconstructive analysis, which aims to deepen our comprehension of Khandelwal’s artistic vision, language, identity, and societal engagement. The research critically examines a selection of poems from “A Monument to Pigeons” and incorporates insights from notable literary theorists. To carry out this study, ten poems from Khandelwal’s collection were chosen, and the deconstruction theory proposed by Derrida was employed. The research finds out that Khandelwal’s poems challenge interpretations, disrupt language conventions, and encourage exploration of alternative perspectives. It was concluded that Khandelwal’s poems have fluid and multiple meanings, challenging fixed interpretations and inviting readers to question assumptions. The study recommends that Khandelwal’s poems have fluid and multiple meanings, challenging fixed interpretations and inviting readers to question assumptions.
A STUDY TO ANALYZE SPELLING MISTAKES COMMITTED BY ENGLISH LEARNERS AT HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL
The aim of the present study was to analyze spelling mistakes committed by English learners of higher secondary schools in Lahore district. It was descriptive research based on cross sectional survey design in nature. The major purpose of this research was to find out types of committed spelling mistakes and knowing about which types of spelling mistakes are committed by English learners the most at higher secondary school level. In this regards, data was gathered of 280 students who were studying in 12th class by applying systematic random sampling technique via collecting their last two administered English Language tests from 8 randomly selected higher secondary schools of Lahore district. Text analysis technique was used for listing and classifying spelling mistakes committed by the second year English learners. To find out demographic variables wise differences in the committing of mistakes, inferential and descriptive statistics was applied to analysis the data with help of SPSS (V.21) software. The result shows that majority of the English learners committed omission, substitution, and transposition spelling mistakes, and the most committing spelling mistakes at higher secondary school level are omission spelling mistakes. Statistically significant locality wise difference was found among English learners in committing spelling mistakes. It was also found that among the English learners, the majority boys of government higher secondary schools of rural areas and majority girls of the government higher secondary schools of urban areas committed omission errors while majority girls of the government higher secondary schools of rural areas and majority boys of the government higher secondary schools of urban areas, committed transposition/ disordering types of spelling errors. It is recommended that at secondary school level, while teaching English in the classroom, English teaching should share the rules of writing English with students to avoid spelling mistakes. Moreover, education department should also arrange continuous professional development training for language teachers to improve their language skills.
BULLYING BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN HEALTH: FACTORS AND CAUSES
Bullying behavior is a complex phenomenon influenced by various factors such as biological, environment, psychological, social dynamics, and situational circumstances. Understanding these causes is crucial for effectively managing and preventing bullying behavior. By identifying the root causes, targeted interventions can be developed to address specific factors and provide support to individuals exhibiting bullying behaviors. It's important to adopt a holistic approach that considers multiple factors, including the individual's biological, environmental, psychological, and social conditions. Bullying can have profound and lasting effects on children, impacting their emotional well-being, cognitive functioning, behavior, and social development. Children who experience bullying may face fear, anxiety, low self-esteem, academic difficulties, and struggles in building healthy relationships. Some may internalize their anxiety and withdraw, while others may externalize their emotions through self-bullying or engage in self-destructive behaviors. Socially, bullying can hinder a child's ability to form trusting relationships and interact with peers, leading to distorted beliefs about trust and conflict resolution. Recognizing the impact of bullying is crucial for implementing early interventions, counseling, and creating safe environments to help affected children heal and recover. By addressing the emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and social consequences of bullying, the long-term effects on children's well-being and development can be reduced.
MARGINALIZED AS SUBALTERN: A STUDY OF SUBALTERNITY IN SARA SULERI’S “THE PROPERTY OF WOMAN”
Sara Suleri is highly valued and illustrative writer of postcolonial era in Pakistani English Literature. She is highly appreciated for her thematic concerns in her writings. Subaltern is the appropriate term to break down the selected short story for new interpretation. This study focuses on the struggle of lower class. It also highlights the miseries of those who belong to lower class. ‘The Property of Woman’ portrays how the people of lower class especially women are marginalized. This study discovers the postcolonial concerns of the selected short story to find the concept of marginalization through the lens of the concept of subaltern. This paper focuses on the application of the concept of subaltern through two dimensions, that is, woman as a subaltern for being woman and woman as a subaltern for belonging to a marginalized group of society. The researcher has tried to apply these two concepts on the selected short story through the character of protagonist, Halima.
GENDER RELATED ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS IN POST CONFLICT AFGHANISTAN
In this report, the post-conflict scenario in Afghanistan would be discussed. The war between the Afghan Taliban and Afghan National Army has ended. President Ghani has left Kabul and Taliban have captured the capital city. Every individual has been affected by the two decades long war. Among the effected people, the most suffered segment of society is the women of Afghanistan. The women in the conflict ridden country have been affected in so many ways. They have been removed from jobs and left unemployed. Jobs and other economic activities have been banned including ban on women entrepreneurship. Similarly, a central consultative body and interim cabinet have been formed by the new rulers: Taliban. They have not included even a single woman from the whole country in the cabinet. Moreover, even after the capture of Kabul, women have been subjected to physical violence and sexual abuses. They have been physically tortured and assaulted. Even today, women are compelled to live a miserable life in refugee camps. They have also been deprived of the most fundamental rights like non availability of health facilities and educational facilities. They are also denied freedom of movement which is a fundamental right according to the Human Rights Charter of 1948. To bring ease to the lives of people and to make lives of people especially women better, reforms are needed. To make the economy of the country healthier, women must be allowed to participate in economic activities. They should be allowed to do jobs and run their own businesses. Similarly, they should be given political rights including special quota seats in the Central Shura or Consultative Body. They should be included in political negotiations as according to international relations theories, women are more peaceful than men. Moreover, their fundamental rights should be protected through constitution. Basic fundamental rights should be provided, for instance, health and education infrastructure should be established. Women should be allowed to go to schools, colleges and universities. Women’s dignity must be protected and they should be protected from being sexually abused. This report would discuss the above mentioned dimensions of human rights and women rights in detail supported by facts and figures.
ARCHITECTURAL STUDY OF SHRINE OF HAZRAT SULTAN BAHU
The approach taken herein to the study of Sultan Bahu's shrine is a multi-dimensional one. The history of, purpose for, and the function of Bahu's shrine along with how it is a gateway to understanding Sufi mysticism is what will be discussed. As well as that, we will investigate his philosophy and how it drove his poetry and influenced his mysticism.
RE-CONTEXTUALISATION OF MALALA’S IDEA REGARDING MARRIAGE: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Critical Discourse Analysis is a field of applied linguistics that discloses text hidden ideology or agenda. It seeks the relationship between power, hegemony and language. The interview of Malala yousafzai in the British fashion magazine Vogue “I know the power of a young girl how carries in her heart” is critically analyzed using the Fairclough 3D model as a research tool to find out the hidden ideology and to re-contextualize her ideas regarding relationships. The present study explores Malala’s personal ideas about marriage institution in her interview through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis. The goal of the research report is to find out how Malala yousafzai through her linguistic choices of lexical and syntactic structures and overall linguistic structures in the interview, has challenged the honor culture system of Pakistani society and re-contextualization of her ideas regarding marriage institution. This research is qualitative in nature based on the researcher’s subjective approach in interpretation of social, cultural and political meaning and also explores implicit and explicit massages which text carries. The research concludes that a text’s producer through linguistic choices from among the wide range options, projects ideology, and re-contextualization of ideas in different social settings within the text. Since the personal idea of Malala regarding relationships (marriage and partnership or cohabitation) they are general in nature because Malala is not pointing or promoting any specific culture she show her uncertainty of her mind. It informs the readers that how the use of simple words and syntactic structures in a unique way can shape the minds of the people in a particular society.
LEGISLATION FOR UNIVERSALITY IN SENATE OF PAKISTAN (1985-1999)
This study offers an analysis of adoption of universalism in conduct of Senate and its legislation through strict implementation of rules. The Senate was restored in 1985 and started its working in accordance with the 1973’s rule and promulgated new rules in 1988. The phase from 1985-1999 is marked as the testing time for adoption of bills with required quorum and proper decorum. During the period, National Assembly was dissolved four times; however, Senate resumed its working. The working of Senate for the adoption of universalistic criteria to run the affairs of Senate is the focus of study. The Senate debates are analyzed to conduct this research and the archival sources along with secondary sources are used for study. The study complies that the Senate never seek the benefit of single person but worked for the collective benefit of the House. The adoption of bills with the consent of required quorum and two-third majority unfolded that Senate strictly followed its rules. The adjournment of House due to less quorum also endorses the professionalism of the Senate that has grown the significance of Senate over other institutions.
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE INANIMATE SIGNS OF NATURE FROM "DECIPHERING THE SIGNS OF GOD" BY ANNEMARIE SCHIMMEL IN LIGHT OF THE HOLY QURAN AND SAYINGS OF THE HOLY PROPHET (PBUH)
Scholarly study of Islam has attracted lots of people within years. The German Orientalist Annemarie Schimmel deeply explained the divine characteristics of nature and culture in several Religions, cultures, traditions and especially in Islam. She takes her beginning stage to the most straightforward indications of God, regular peculiarities like stones, dust, water, fire, creatures and their utilization in Strict and representative language. Then, at that point, she continues on toward more subtle signs. These signs are discussed in Holy Quran with great importance. It shows us that nothing that happens in the universe or nothing that exists in the universe is without a meaningful purpose. It can be considered that Annemarie Schimmel has done detailed and captivating work in this regard. So in making and admonishing people to find and believe in decoding the divine characteristics of nature and culture, her work is really commendable.it is crucial to mention that only non-living elements have been taken out from said book in this article. An analytical approach is made to explain the uniqueness of this topic keeping the authors perspective as an influence. These natural elements are also being discussed in light of Holy Quran and in what contexts they are being mentioned in Holy Quran in the first place. A very informative and considerably interesting approach has been presented in this article.
THE EFFECTS OF CLASS CONFLICT ON INDIVIDUALITY: A MARXIST ANALYSIS OF CHARLES DICKENS' GREAT EXPECTATIONS
This research paper investigates that Great Expectations, a masterpiece of Charles Dickens, gives a graphic picture of social subjugation and class exploitation. This research paper explores the tragic character of Pip and brings into light his victimization of social class differences in Victorian society. The aim of this article is to trace the impact of cruel laws on Pip’s personality and to examine Pip’s life in proportion to these difficulties in Dickens’ work. The rationale of this study is to highlight the labor exploitation by the bourgeoisie. This research paper tends to trace how capitalist culture makes life worse across the globe. In this research, the researcher uses Karl Marx’s ideas as a theoretical framework to illustrate materialistic concerns and their consequences.
EXPLORING THE CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY WOMEN WORKING IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY: A CASE STUDY OF DADU POLICE FORCE
The current qualitative study was aimed to investigate challenges faced by female police officers through in-depth interviews, with a total of (24) interviews performed with lower ranking female police officers from the Dadu police force. The police officers were selected using a procedure that involved purposeful sampling. In addition, the data collected was examined using a thematic approach, which resulted in the development of (02) primary themes and (07) sub-themes. According to the data, it was discovered that the majority of female officers face a variety of challenges, such as gender bias and discrimination, inadequate training and resources, lack of career guidance, limited facilities, difficulty obtaining trust and cooperation from the community, and difficulty balancing pregnancy, maternity leave, and the responsibilities of caring for children. In addition, the findings of the study have been the impetus for the development of several recommendations that are meant to address these problems. In order to solve these problems, extensive actions need to be taken to create an atmosphere that is more inclusive and equal. This will make it possible for female officers to thrive and make contributions that are relevant to their profession.
MONITORING SYSTEM AND TEACHERS’ PERFORMANCE: A CORRELATIONAL PERSPECTIVE AT PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOL LEVEL IN PUNJAB
The mean stream of the study was to investigate the correlation of monitoring system and teachers’ performance. The teachers’ performance concerned much to promote the primary education. The government has launched the monitoring system to enhance the performance of teachers. The population of the study was primary school teacher of the Punjab. The sample of the study was 384 primary school teachers of district Bhakhar and Dera Ghazi Khan. The sampling technique was two stage random sample. The analysis showed significant difference between the performance of male and female primary public-school teachers was found. So, it is concluded that female teachers have more good performance mean scores than male teachers. A Pearson product-moment correlation was computed to assess the relationship between the teachers monitoring and (independent variable) and teachers’ performance (dependent variable). There was a weak positive correlation between the two variables, (r=.197, n=384, p=.001). Recommendations have been drawn to replicate study with more diver’s sample.
FROM BEATS TO BULLETS: A CORPUS BASED STUDY OF EXPLORING GUN CULTURE IN INDIAN PUNJABI MUSIC AND ITS SOCIETAL CONSEQUENCES
This study delves into the thematic exploration of gun culture as portrayed in Indian Punjabi music, aiming to ascertain its prevalence and discuss its socio-cultural implications. Guided by Schreier's (2012) Qualitative Content Analysis Model, the study scrutinized a corpus of Punjabi songs, identifying a significant prevalence of violent themes, predominantly gun-related expressions. The results indicated a potential trend towards the normalization and acceptance of violence in this music genre, with the works of artists like Sidhu Moose Wala and Mankirt Aulakh presenting the highest frequency of violent expressions. Through a socio-cultural lens, this study connects these findings with the historical martial tradition of Punjabi culture and the influence of the Punjabi diaspora. The possible societal implications of this violence normalization, particularly among the youth, have been discussed, invoking a need for self-regulation in the Punjabi music industry and the promotion of non-violent themes. Furthermore, the paper suggests the implementation of educational initiatives to foster media literacy and awareness about potential media violence consequences. The study underlines the critical role of music as a societal influence and stresses the need for joint efforts from the music industry and society towards fostering non-violence and peace.
THE REPRESENTATION OF GENDER IN CHILDREN’ FANTASY FICTION: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STORY BOOKS
The present study focuses on children’s fantasy fictions to explore gender representations through selected primary school story books. The current research reveals gender ideology that how gender stereotypes are represented through linguistic and semiotic means. Children’s story books shape gender ideology. School children read stories in which characters are portrayed and reinforce stereotypical perceptions. Stories are constructed in cultural context. Children are the products of this particular cultural context and they tend to behave according to these gendered ideologies that are embedded in cultural discourse. Fantasy fictions are historical documents. The current study being qualitative in nature focuses on story books to examine gender representations. The study considers fifteen story books from children’s fantasy fiction. The data has been selected through the technique of purposive sampling. For the Critical Discourse Analysis of stories, qualitative approach has been adopted and the research applies the frameworks of Fairclough (1995), Barthes (1974) and Kruger (2000) for critical and semi logical analysis. The findings reveal that 21st Century children fantasy fiction highlight phenomenon of gender representations. It has been observed that men are powerful in patriarchal societies. They are free to exercise their free will in every situation just because they have power whereas women are considered important for domestic purposes. But sometimes gender roles are reversed as men have been shown dependent on women and women have been portrayed as witches in some stories. The study also reveals role of traditions and customs deciding women fates. The study enriches knowledge on the phenomenon of gender representations through the analysis of story books and invokes future researchers to carry out further academic research on gender representations in other pedagogical sources like novels, dramas, morning shows, newspapers, magazines and talk shows etc.
LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING: ATTRIBUTING URDU FOR SOLIDARITY AND CULTURAL FUSION
The present research presents the researchers’ point of view based on a wider perspective on Pakistan’s language policy to attribute Urdu as Pakistani and its role in bringing cultural solidarity across the country. It also sheds light on the language policy goals and motivations that can manoeuvre Pakistan’s language policy to create a uniting language that can be accepted by the indigenous cultures. So far, the language policy says that Urdu is a national tongue so it is still not accepted by the indigenous cultures, where rifts due to languages are common. The researchers are of the view that if Pakistan’s language policy declares the name of Urdu as ‘Pakistani’, many cultural disputes regarding language can be resolved, as Mahboob (2015) supports the idea that ‘Pakistani’ is the solution to bring cultural unity. The research is quantitative in nature and uses 11 goals of language planning by Nahir(1984) and motivations for interdependence of language by Fishman(2000) to support researchers’ view. The data is collected using questionnaire and the research tool is based on the prior mentioned goals and motivations.
FEASIBILITY AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR POWER TUBE WELL WITH EXISTING CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS AND ITS UTILIZATION IN IRRIGATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL LANDS.
Solar energy plays an essential role in creation of the electricity in all the fields of life. Now a day with the increased demand and high prices of the electricity production, it is not feasible to run all the electrical equipment on the electricity being supplied by the local authorities. In this research paper a comprehensive study based on the feasibility of the solar energy for the tube well has been conducted in district Bhakkar, Punjab. The tube well discharge was 25mm3/sec having a total hydraulic head of 25m. The borehole depth under the earth is 110 ft (50 ft blind + 60 ft screen) using borehole diameter of 12.7cm (5 in). A three-stage submersible pump of 15.24cm (6 in) diameter was laid in borehole to a depth of 65 ft. The submersible pump get power from 24 solar panels of having a magnitude of 360 watts each. In wintry weather the discharge of solar operated powered tube well varies from 5.00 to 24.00 mm3/sec and in summer it ranged from 12.00 to 25.00 mm3/sec. The peak discharge of the solar tube well properly changed into as 5 to 6 hrs/day in winter and summer time, respectively. The sugar cane crop was planted and irrigated with water pumped from a tube well that was operated by consuming solar energy and the production capacity of the tubewell is about 95 tons/hectare in a year. The cost volume profit analysis of a properly powered solar tube well vs a diesel-operated tube well nicely confirmed that the capital recovery period of solar powered tube well would be 1.42 years of its 10 years of usable life with a 36% internal rate of return (IRR). At discount rates of 2, 4, 6, and 8%, the solar powered tube well's BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) was 1.5, 1.42, 1.38, 1.62 respectively. At discount factor of 2, 4, 6, and 8%, the solar-powered tube well's NPV (Net Present Value) was 0.91, 0.87, 0.84, 0.75 million rupees, respectively. The Results indicated that the solar tube well is a sensible desire and need of the modern time due to its quick payback length.
A STUDY OF GENDER AND SOCIETAL ANALYSIS OF SETHI’S TOMBOY (2021) FROM JUNGIAN ARCHETYPAL PERSPECTIVE
The paper textually analyzes of Sethi's Tomboy (2021), probing the narrative from Jungian’s archetypal perspective. Through qualitative exploration, the study delves motivations and actions of the characters, examining how the archetypes delineated in the short story provide insights into their identities. The research uncovers the complexities of self-discovery and personal growth by delving into archetypes such as the Animus, Anima, Shadow, Persona, The Great Mother, and Self. The analysis unveils how characters like Asha, Zarrar, Lucy Prest, Asha’s mother, and Uncle Pervez assimilate the archetypes. It shows gender dynamics and the transformative power of embracing one's authentic self, and challenges the societal norms. The study contributes to the existing literature by offering a exploration of Sethi's Tomboy (2021). It demonstrates the continued relevance and significance of Jungian archetypes in contemporary literary analysis and their implications for understanding individuality and self-acceptance.
QURANIC CONTEXT AND INTERFAITH DIALOGUE (BUILDING MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING AND ACCEPTANCE IN A PLURALISTIC SOCIETY)
Interfaith harmony is a symbol of endurance; it can be the way forward for peaceful coexistence, peace, and prosperity among followers of different religious faiths in this growing political and economic unrest. It is important for the followers of all faiths to follow the strategy of tolerance, peace, patience and interfaith harmony. Similarly, inter-religious dialogue is important for mass communication, and its purpose is to pave the way between people or communities with different religious beliefs, traditions, and worldviews through dialogue, meaningful discussion, and dialogue. For the exchange of interfaith dialogue, the common ground is to share ideas of religion and spirituality. The primary objective was to promote feelings of compassion and respect for believers of all faiths. The main purpose of interfaith communication is to promote coexistence and encourage the stages of mutual learning. The first duty of Islam is to adopt a better attitude and behaviour towards people of different religions and beliefs so that a peaceful atmosphere can be established in society. Similarly, the purpose of constructive dialogue is to improve the situation, provide useful analysis, suggest improvements, and present an appropriate and sympathetic approach to religions and traditions to build a better and peaceful environment. Today's global crisis is affecting the world religiously, socially, politically, economically, due to which anxiety, and hatred are becoming dominant in different societies. Hence the dialogue between religions and civilizations being felt as the greatest need and desire of the world. Here it is very important that every religion has its own language and traditions which impart basic human values to the people. By which the human society moves towards improvement and these values play the role of guardian of this society. Interfaith dialogue is a constructive and effective exchange of ideas and cooperation between members of different faiths, religions, philosophies, or spiritual orientations. It is an effective means of promoting religious understanding, acceptance and tolerance. It is a way of respecting and accepting different ideas, beliefs and practices in a pluralistic society, encouraging mutual respect and understanding between people of different religions, beliefs, traditions and ways of thinking. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the interfaith dialogue in the light of Quranic teachings and to promote the acceptance and understanding of different beliefs in a pluralistic society. In the completion of this research paper help has been taken from various sources i.e. books, websites, magazines, articles and newspapers. Interfaith exchange is a useful asset for building common comprehension and acknowledgment in a pluralistic culture. Interfaith exchange is significant for building acknowledgment of various religions and societies in a pluralistic culture. By taking part in open and aware discussions, people can find out about one another's convictions and customs, which can prompt more noteworthy comprehension and appreciation.
“THE VALUE OF KASHMIR IN THE CONTEXT OF IQBAL’S POETRY"
Independence of Kashmir is the chief impetus of poetry created about Kashmir. Allama Iqbal is one of the leading writers on the subject of Kashmir in Urdu poetry. Since Iqbal was of Kashmiri descent that’s why Kashmir has been mentioned in his poetry with great enthusiasm. Love of homeland is a natural thing and Iqbal is a patriotic poet. Due to his affiliation with Kashmir, he kept a close eye on the political situation in Kashmir. In his poetry, he has described the pain and suffering of the oppressed Kashmiris.
FUNCTIONS OF MODAL VERBS IN PAKISTANI RESEARCH DISCOURSE OF ECONOMICS AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE
Academic discourse like argumentative writing is meant to build strong arguments while projecting different theories and research. In academics, writers are expected to express certainty and doubt. In this regard, a modal verb is used to reflect the speaker’s perspective about anything obvious, tentative or reasonable. It improves language expressions to form accurate opinions, obligations, purposes and understanding of certain notions. Economic discourse through its representational nature caters selection and distribution of ideas and products by convincing the readers. All academic genres including thesis writing as selected for this study are also persuasive and structured to accommodate the reader’s idea and agreement with the stated idea. Five PhD theses in Economics are selected to analyze the modal trends and their functions in Pakistani academic research discourse of social sciences exploring four major chapters of Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology and Discussion unveiling an intersubjective trend of discourse. Incorporating the Systemic Functional Linguistics model of contextual analysis (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014), this study also focuses on these similar trends of locating the possibility and likelihood of commencement of events or ideas through the use of modal verbs by using Halliday’s (2014) model of modality choices incorporating a third category of orientation by Lyons (1977) and Coates (1983) known as inter-subjectivity which makes the modalities more neutral and closely connecting writer with its audience. The results of the study uncover modulation patterns of inclinations and obligation in addition to the traditional pattern of modalization for proposing claims in academic discourse. The findings highlight how modal verbs in economic research discourse play a major role in putting forward the writer's propositions and implicitly invite readers for its validation and proposed implementations through future actions. The research enlightens academicians specifically in the field of economic research about their written research discourse which is not simply about stating the facts but inviting, and sometimes manipulating the reader, regarding the writer’s own proposed stance.
EXPLORING THE ROLE OF DIGITAL MEDIA IN LEARNING L2: A CASE STUDY AT SECONDARY LEVEL IN D G KHAN
Digital media is an important tool in education, especially for teaching and learning English as a Second Language (ESL) all over the world. Digital media is an umbrella term for educational media that is based on the Internet, computers, and mobile devices. The current study uses a quantitative method to find out how digital media affects both learning and teaching a second language. The purpose of this study is to look into how digital educational media can be used to teach and learn English as a second language at the secondary level in DG Khan. 100 secondary school students participated overall. The software Statistics Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to look at the data. The questionnaire was measured on a Likert scale. Questionnaire and tests were used to collect the data. Getting to know how ESL students in school use digital media could help teachers figure out how to make digital media a better way for students to learn. Digital educational media used to teach an English language are categorized by what they do and how they help students learn. They can be narrative, interactive, adaptive, communicative, or productive. The main advantage of using digital media in education is that it can get students more involved. It also gives students a lot of tools to help them work through hard ideas. Digital instruction makes it easier to understand things that are hard to understand in other ways. This study will show how digital media can help students become more stable and improve their academic performance as they learn. The information for this study taken from the district D.G. Khan. The results show how students act when they learn and teach with the use of digital media, as well as the methods used in learning and teaching.
VICTIMIZATION AND OTHERIZATION OF THE MUSLIMS IN ROY’S THE MINISTRY OF UTMOST HAPPINESS: A POSTCOLONIAL CRITIQUE
This study presents a postcolonial analysis of Arundhati Roy’s novel, The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, by exploring the portrayal of victimization and the otherization of Indian and Kashmiri Muslims. It delves into the portrayal of the Muslims as victims of a system (the Hindu-dominated system) that perpetuates their exploitation and marginalization. The narrative of the novel explores the aftermath of India’s partition and the consequent power dynamics that have relegated the Muslims to the status of ‘others’. Employing qualitative methodology, the study shows how Roy’s vivid prose exposes the systemic injustices faced by Muslim characters, including discrimination, violence, and loss. The research critically examines the novel’s exploration of identity, nationalism, and religious polarization, while also highlighting the deliberate efforts within the Hindu community to establish India as an exclusively Hindu state. Ultimately, this postcolonial critique of the novel seeks to provoke reflection on the dynamics of communal relationships and the urgent need for empathy, understanding, and social change in contemporary India.
AN INVESTIGATION OF MARGINAL STATUS OF ANDROGYNOUS SELVES THROUGH FIGURATIVE PAINTING
This practice-based study aims to explore the representation of androgynous persons as margins in the society. The marginalization and exploitation of the males having feminine traits in their personality have been depicted through the painting. The focus of this research project is to examine, discuss, and critically evaluate the self-abuse, physical and psychological sufferings, discrimination, alienation, inferiority complex of the androgynous males in Pakistani society. The figurative painting portrayed by the researcher take into account the plight of androgynous males because of the overlapping of masculine and feminine traits. The in-depth analysis of the figurative painting reflects the ways in which the androgynous people are compelled to live a life which is devoid of freedom of mind and body and full of identity crisis. However, their miserable life is full of mental anguishes and various physical ferocities. The study concludes that the existence of androgynous males in Pakistani society have become compromised as they are compelled to live in liminal spaces where they are exploited incessantly. This research is descriptive in nature among qualitative approach.
EXPLORING THE EARLY POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE INDO-SCYTHIAN IN GANDHARA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MAUES
This paper deals with the early political history and an analysis of the Indo-Scythian from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE in Gandhara with special reference to Maues. Maues started his rule conceivably in 85 BCE and remained king till 57 BCE. He was the founder of this dynasty and established a strong political system on the pattern of Indo-Greek and declared Taxila as the capital city. The main objective of this paper is the reconstruction of Maues' political history based on material culture (inscriptions and coins) found in Gandhara, while in this connection the Patika Kharoshthi inscription shedding light on the socio-political and religious conditions during the Indo-Scythian rule in this region. His coins have been discovered in most of the major archaeological sites in Gandhara, confirming his territorial jurisdiction.
REPRESENTATION OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES: A MULTIMODAL ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL CARTOONS PUBLISHED IN PAKISTANI ENGLISH NEWSPAPER DAWN
The present study focuses on the representation of political ideologies through political cartoons in the Pakistani English newspaper "Dawn". According to this research, ideology-laden media discourses significantly influence structuring or restructuring our perceptions of social and political reality. This research aims to uncover the hidden purpose of print media through multimodal analysis of selected political cartoons. The linguistics and non-linguistic (graphics) devices utilized by the cartoonist can alter and influence the readers' thoughts. The data was collected from the Dawn newspaper from 1 September 2020 to 31 October, 2020. Furthermore, the researcher used Machin's (2007) theoretical framework of multimodal analysis to analyze the selected cartoons qualitatively. The following factors were used to evaluate each cartoon: Participants, setting, written caption, pose, and objects. The study discovered the cartoonist used visual language to communicate his sociopolitical views in order to influence readers' perspectives. Furthermore, the print media criticize political parties whose policies are not in the best interests of the people. The present study revealed that English national newspaper uses cartoonist representation to reflect social and political issues such as FATF-related issues, long March of opposition, Corruption, inflation, Federal Board of Revenue etc.
THE IMPACT OF FINTECH ON FINANCIAL INCLUSION: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Financial technology (Fintech) has emerged as a disruptive force in the financial industry, revolutionizing how financial services are accessed and delivered. This research aims to explore the impact of Fintech on financial inclusion, focusing on the opportunities, its challenges, and the future perspectives of its integration. Financial inclusion refers to the accessibility and availability of financial services to individuals and businesses, particularly those historically underserved or excluded from the traditional banking system. On the other hand, Fintech encompasses the use of technology to provide innovative financial solutions and services. By analyzing existing literature, case studies, and empirical evidence, this research provides valuable insights into the potential of Fintech to enhance financial inclusion, bridge the digital divide, and foster economic empowerment for underserved populations. It also examines the key challenges associated with Fintech adoption and proposes recommendations for policymakers and industry stakeholders to leverage the full potential of Fintech in promoting inclusive financial ecosystems.
IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION THROUGH LANGUAGE IN MOHSIN HAMID’S MOTH SMOKE
The paper aims to explore the profound role played by language in the process of identity construction within the context of Mohsin Hamid’s Moth Smoke. It unfolds the complex ways in which linguistic choices shape and construct the characters’ personal and societal identities. Identity is a dynamic concept, dealing with the social-positioning of individuals and others. The paper examines how the characters in the novel use language to establish social hierarchies, employing specific words and expressions to assert their identities. As for theoretical framework, the paper uses dramaturgy theory offered by Goffman in 1959. The major tenets of the theory – presentation of self, audience segregation, team work use of props and social scripts - are examined through analysis of selected excerpts from the novel. The paper ends with suggestion that language affects characters’ identities, influencing how they understand each other and creating boundaries between them.
ALLAMA IQBAL AND MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD'S THOUGHTS AND IDEAS ABOUT THE EXISTENCE AND SURVIVAL OF THE ISLAMIC STATE: IN THE CONTEXT OF LITERARY ASPECTS
The thoughts of Iqbal and Azad have come to the mouths of witnesses in the light of the Qur'an and Hadith. The aim of both of them was to renew the Islamic nation and provide the materials for the renaissance of humanity by doing ijtihad in the religion of Islam. He arranged his thought on the basis of the Holy Quran and tried to find a solution to all the problems of the Islamic nation in the light of its teachings. The Muslims of the sub-continent are indebted to Iqbal and Azad for instilling determination in the veins of the Muslims here. Courage, will and courage, enthusiasm and passion, self-reliance and self-confidence and steadfastness and determination flowed. It is impossible to deny the fact that if we analyze the expressions accepted by these two important Urdu thinkers and writers in Islamic thoughts and affairs, then it will not be out of place to say that there is a difference in the style of expression between Iqbal's poetry and the thoughts of Abul Kalam. In the same sense, Sajjad Ansari had said that if the Qur'an had been revealed in Urdu, Abul Kalam's prose or Iqbal's poetry would have been chosen for it.
SECULARISM’S COMPATIBILITY WITH ISLAM IN LIGHT OF HOLY QURAN AND SUNNAH OF HOLY PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH)
The quest of compatibility between Secularism and Islamic values is a long political as well as religious debate. But if it is judged with a moderate perspective, we can conclude that the both secularism and Islamic state can survive hand in hand with each other’s. Intact, the concept of state secularism which is about drawing a line between religious affairs and political matters can be used as a rebuttal against terrorism. The extremist behavior of certain religious organizations particularly the ones with militant theology possess treat to prominence of peace practices in Islam. These organizations seek political power using religious card with an agenda to dismantle the importance of religion. The idea of secularism turns out to be beneficial to Islamic values since it allows religious liberty and freedom of conscious but only if the secularism is dealt with moderation. Because if extremist behavior is involved even in secularism, there remains no difference between secularism and non-secularism which ultimately leads to the rigid constitutional principles like Laicite. In contrast to pure secularism, State secularism does not disadvantage any individual and at the same time it protects religious minorities and maintains the Islamic Peace prospect as well. The key to successful Islamic state in today’s era is to maintain an understanding between religion and politics and keep moderation between the two which is possible by practicing state secularism. Confrontation of Islam and western ideologies is almost as old as the religion Islam itself. But since we live in a global village and adherents of Islam (Muslims) make up the second largest religious group in the world, they ultimately had to settle with western settlements. As a result of merging people who are historically related but ideologically distinguished, certain socioeconomic, political, geographical and regional agitations emerged among masses. These situation ships raised questions about whether Islam can be compatible with Western ideology of secularism or not? It also emphasis on the fact that extremism shown in the name of religious Islam does not reap any benefits to the state.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPERIENCES OF WOMEN ACADEMIC LEADERS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COLLEGES
In this study, female academic leaders in both public and private universities will be examined, and their experiences will be compared. The study will explore a range of leadership topics, such as difficulties faced, chances presented, chances for career progression, and work-life balance. The study aims to advance knowledge of the particular difficulties experienced by women in leadership roles in both public and private higher education institutions by exploring these issues.
IQBAL'S EDUCATIONAL THOUGHTS AND OUR CURRENT EDUCATION SYSTEM
Allama Iqbal is a prominent philosopher of the Muslim nation. His ideas have a unique importance regarding the guidance of the country and the nation. He always promoted such educational ideas which are necessary for the development of the nation. Iqbal is influenced by the educational ideas of Muslim thinkers. Al-Farabi, Abu-al-Qasim, Bayezid and Maulana Room included the great philosophers. These scholars put the Muslim nation on a path of development that was the most unique. Thus, Muslims continued to rule the whole world. The reason was they were following the same teachings that were the guarantee of success and rule. For this reason, the Muslim nation remained a prominent model for the nations of the world for a long time. These traditions of this nation's glorious past are mentioned in abundance in Iqbal's poetic and prose works. This is the reason why Iqbal advises the Muslim nation to implement the wonderful traditions of the past. In the present article, an analytical study of the same educational ideas of Iqbal is presented.
THE INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ON INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY: A MARXIST ANALYSIS OF CHARLES DICKENS' GREAT EXPECTATIONS.
This research paper aims to explore the influence of economic exploitation on individual identity through a Marxist analysis of Charles Dickens' novel, Great Expectations. By applying Marxist concepts such as class struggle, alienation, and commodification to the characters and societal structures depicted in the novel, this study seeks to elucidate how economic forces shape and mold the identities of individuals. The analysis will highlight the impact of capitalism on the characters' aspirations, relationships, and overall sense of self. Through this examination, it becomes evident that Dickens' work serves as a critique of the dehumanizing effects of a capitalist society on individual identity.
COMPARING THE IMPACT OF ONLINE LEARNING PLATFORMS AND TRADITIONAL CLASSROOM SETTINGS ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE AND SATISFACTION
This study compared online learning systems to traditional classrooms for effectiveness and student satisfaction. 500 university students were questioned about both learning techniques. Quantitative data was collected. To ensure diversity, age, gender, and field of study were collected. Two questionnaires were also given to assess student satisfaction with online learning platforms and traditional classrooms, as well as their effectiveness. The Likert-scale questionnaires measured satisfaction and effectiveness. The statistics showed how online learning platforms compare to traditional classrooms in effectiveness and student satisfaction. Students were largely satisfied with both learning styles, with online learning platforms somewhat higher in satisfaction. The study also found that online learning platform accessibility, schedule flexibility, and multimedia resources affect student happiness. Most students said online and traditional classrooms were beneficial. Online learning platforms were better at facilitating self-paced learning, tailored instruction, and a wide selection of learning materials. This study sheds light on the efficacy and student satisfaction of online learning platforms versus traditional classrooms. Educational institutions and policymakers can use the findings to improve online learning platform design and implementation. The study also underscores the importance of student preferences and needs when designing instructional techniques and the potential benefits of blended learning approaches that integrate the qualities of both learning modalities.
A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF NICKNAMES AND ITS APPLICATION AMONG THE STUDENTS OF BACHA KHAN UNIVERSITY CHARSADDA
The research study focuses on finding the practised area for nicknames among the students of Bacha Khan University Charsadda. It aims at finding the differences and the ratio between the male and female students with reference to nicknames. The study is interesting since the culture of nicknames is exercised and rehearsed among the students of the aforementioned university. The research is both qualitative and quantitative. The survey and analysis reveal that female students are more concerned about each other whereas male are incautious. Moreover, female are more cooperative than male when filling or answering the questionnaire. The study analyzes the answers acquired and concludes that the female practice nicknames more than male. The ratio of nickname users is more in female. The researchers have limited the study to merely four departments at Bacha Khan University Charsadda. They are: Department of English, Department of Computer Science, Department of Management Science, and Department of Botany. Taking four departments as a sample represented the university. The paper also shows that both genders tend to give nicknames covering the physical area. The nicknames female give are often positive. Contrary to that, nicknames of male cover physical area were often found negative.
STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES USED BY SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHER
This research paper will examine the stress-reduction strategies used by secondary school instructors. Educational institutions may better assist their instructors and advance their general wellbeing by discovering ways that work. This study focuses on pertinent research and academic works that offer insights into stress-reduction strategies designed especially for teachers. Teacher’s performance is deteorating day by day due to different stresses in their professional lives. However, the Institutes might be able to overcome some of these difficulties by the vision of becoming an institution with continuous professional development. Thus, this is important for institutions to know about the different stresses faced by the teachers like interpersonal, environmental and economic stress. : Depending on the choices and accessibility of the participants, a combination of online surveys and paper-based surveys were used to disseminate the questionnaires to the chosen secondary school instructors. Descriptive statistics were used to investigate the frequencies and percentages of stress management strategies utilised by instructors. The association between stress management strategies, stress levels, and wellbeing was investigated using inferential statistical analysis, such as correlation and regression analysis. For data analysis, statistical software like SPSS or R was used. This research highlights the need of offering all instructors, regardless of gender, a supportive and inclusive atmosphere to effectively address stress-related challenges.
THE ROLE OF FEUDAL LANDLORDS IN SHAPING NATIONAL GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN
This research paper explores how feudal landlords have influenced the governance of Pakistan. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study examines the political and economic power wielded by feudal landlords, their interactions with state institutions, and the consequences of their power on public services. The findings demonstrate that feudal landlords possess significant sway over the state apparatus and exert a profound impact on public services within Pakistan. The study argues that the persistence of feudalism poses a substantial obstacle to the consolidation of democracy in the area. Drawing from these findings, the paper puts forth several recommendations for policy and practice, including the necessity for institutional reforms and measures to address the power disparity between feudal landlords and other stakeholders. The study concludes by acknowledging the research limitations and proposing avenues for future investigations into this subject matter. Overall, this research contributes significantly to the existing body of knowledge on feudalism and national governance in Pakistan, providing a valuable foundation for future research endeavors and policymaking initiatives in the region.
SOCIO-POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF NAWAB MOHSIN-UL-MULUK FOR INDIAN MUSLIMS: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Even though Mohsin-ul-Mulk was a government servant by profession, he took a keen interest in reviving the Muslims after the events of 1857 whilst working with Sir Syed. He shared Sir Syed's belief that the only path to the salvation of Muslims was through the pursuit of a contemporary education. Aligarh College was created to give these concepts a concrete form, and it later had a significant impact on how Muslims were oriented in the socio-political spheres. Mohsin-ul-Mulk led the Muslims in politics in addition to overseeing the educational programme. In this brief article an attempt is made to revisit the role and contributions of Nawab Mohsin-ul-Muluk that he rendered for the Indian Muslims as a politician, social worker, and an educationist. The article also highlights the role of Muhsin-ul-Mulk as Syed Ahmad Khan's true successor in the Aligarh Movement.
READING TRENDS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A SURVEY BASED STUDY OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH IN PAKISTANI UNIVERSITIES
The current research deals with reading trends of University students, is about reading habits of Pakistani university students. Largely, it is assumed that Pakistani students do not take interest because of internet and mobile, and they need more attention and focuse to give to reading which will enhance the learning skills of the students. Therefore, the research is conducted to explore and analyze the reading skills of the university students in Pakistan. The researchers selected twenty students randomly selected from the students of Department of English that is prestigious university, The University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, situated in Sargodha. A Questionnaire of 15 statements was designed. The study resulted that students of Pakistani universities are keenly interested and motivated in reading and they give their extra time to reading instead of hectic routine. However, the need more attention and concentration with handy environment and guideline which are feasible for reading.
INVESTIGATING THE TRAJECTORY OF SELF-DISCOVERY IN PERRE’S “MY NAME IS SELMA
This research entitles “INVESTIGATING THE TRAJECTORY OF SELF DISCOVERY IN PERRE’S “MY NAME IS SELM” is the study of critical discourse analysis of the novel “My name is Selma” as data. The main problem is to reveal the importance of the journey in the process of self-discovery. The objective of this study is to analyze the different events and dominant ideologies that are involved to shape the trajectory of self. This research is processed by critical discourse analysis especially text structure which includes the elements of identity construction. The data is collected from the text of the novel. But secondary data are other data such as; the biography of the author, related works to study, and the websites. During the analysis, the researcher applied the qualitative research method with Fairclough’s 3-D model to analyze the elements of the memoir. Then it is analyzed on the textual, interpretation, and description levels. On the basis of analysis, the results showed how the use of language reflects power dominance, injustice, and inequality. It describes the identity of survivor as a witness, and survivors’ experiences enable a personal experience of suffering to be viewed as essential components of the historical event. It is also found out how socio-political and historical ideologies help in shaping and developing the identity. Personal and historical events show a high impact on women’s life. So, the re-construction of self-identity may occur when a character takes positive steps within a different context. It is also found out that there is a relation between his personal life, Jews community, and the different thematic impressions.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF GHUNYA-TUL-QARI, A COMMENTARY OF SAHI AL-BUKHARI
The saying (Ahadith) of the Holy Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) are interpretations and explanations of the Holy Quran. There are many books of Ahadith among which six are the most prominent which are known as Sihah-e-Sitta (Six Most Authentic Books). The authors of these Six Books are Non-Arab. This means that Non-Arab have done immense services of Hadith. Sahih Al Bukhari is one of the most authentic Books of hadith. Shaikh Ibn-e-Hajar Al-Asqalani says:"اصح الکتب بعد کتاب الله الصحیح للبخاری"[i] (The most authentic Book after Qur’an is Sahih Al Bukhari). Many Muslim scholars have written commentaries on Sahih Al Bukhari in different languages. The most prominent commentaries of Sahih Al Bukhari are: Fath-ul-Bari and Umdat- ul- Qari, Al Kawakib ud Durari, Irshadu Sari and Kashf Ul Bari. One of the commentaries of Sahih Al Bukhari is Ghunya-tul-Qari, which is in Arabic language by Maulana Muhammad Abdul Khaliq Bajuri. Although he is a foreigner but this commentary does not see the signs of Non-Arabs. This commentary is actually the summary of Fath-ul-Bari, Umdat-ul-Qari, Sharh Ibn-e- Battal etc. Most of it is in the form of manuscript, on which the research work has just started. This article is also a part of the research. It presents an analytical study of Ghunya-tul-Qari. Molana Abdul Khaliq explains the ahadith in a good way. He introduces the narrators of the hadith, its difficult words, meanings and much more which are explained in this article.
AN INTRODUCTORY STUDY OF FATAWA NAZIRIYYAH OF HAZRAT SYED NAZIR HUSSAIN DEHLAVI: AN ANALYSES
Hazrat Syed Nazir Hussain Dehlavi (1220-1320 AH/ 1805-1902 AD) was prominent Scholar of Ahli Hadith school of thought. His services are not just recognized in the region of subcontinent but all over the Muslim world. He compiled a lot of books in his life. He was a great Muhadith of that time as well as he was mufti and expert in Islamic jurisprudence. Among the services of him for Islam and Muslim Ummah, one of the fields is authorship and compilation. These works of Hazrat Syed Nazir Hussain Dehlavi was not just writing for the sake of writing as an academic hobby, but they were to find solutions to the necessary problems faced by the Muslim Ummah. His field of research was Qur'an, Hadith and Fiqha. The work under review "Fatawa Naziriya" is related to the art of jurisprudence and fatawa, which is a rare collection of jurisprudential issues and debates and is a unique and great achievement of this century. He compiled a valuable fatawa named "Fatawa Naziriya". In this fatawa he discussed different fields of Hadith and Fiqha, Fatawa Naziriya a well-known book of fatawa in Ahli Hadith School of thought. The writing style and analysis of the mention book has been discussed in said paper in detail. Hazrat Syed Nazir Hussain Mohadis Dehlavi (1220 AH-1320 AH / 1805-1902) was born in district Monger Bihar, India. His father's name is Syed Jawad Ali. He is Naqvi Hussaini Syed from Nanyal and Dadhiyal. He was brought up as a Shia in his childhood but later abandoned Shia due to mistrust. Hazrat Syed Muhammad Nazir Hussain Dehlavi read Arabic and Persian books from his father. After that, he went to the famous city of Patna in India with one of his peers, Bashir uddin to get further education. After that, he went to Sadiq Nagar, Bihar, where in the 1820 AD he met Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi (1786-1831) who had a revolutionary disposition.[i] Fatawa Naziriya consists of three volumes, one thousand nine hundred and thirty-five (1935) pages and ninety-three thousand (947) fatwas. This collection of fatwa is the result of the efforts of Mulana Shamsul Haq Azimabadi, Mulana Abdur Rehman Mubarak Puri, disciples of Syed Nazir Hussain Dehlavi, while the task of revision was carried out by Mulana Shamsuddin Dehlavi. Fatawa Naziriya was published for the first time in 1915 AD/1333 AH from Dehli. In Fatawa Naziriyyah, there are twenty-four (427) fatwas of other muftis besides Mufti Nazir Hussain Dehlavi.
THE SERVICES OF THE FAMOUS PASHTO POET HAFIZ ALPURI IN THE FIELD OF WRITING THE HOLY QUR’AN, (SPECIAL STUDY OF HIS HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPT OF THE QUR’AN)
The Holy Qur’an is the word of Allah Almighty which is safe from all kinds of changes. Reciting it, is worship and understanding its commandments is obligatory. The process of preparing copies of the Holy Qur’an started from the time of the Companions of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him and his family and companions) and Muslims have been writing copies of the Holy Qur’an for their religious needs. In ancient times, manuscripts of the Holy Qur’an were written by hand, some of these manuscripts are still preserved in various libraries, mosques and other places which are the historical heritage of Muslims. One of them is a manuscript of the Holy Qur’an written by Abdul Samad known as Hafiz Alpuri, which was written by hand almost two centuries ago and is still preserved. The aims of this study is to achieve the following: 1) introduction to Hafiz Alpuri, 2) to know the characteristics of Hafiz Alpuri’s manuscript Mushaf in terms of letters, sizes and type of paper, 3) to find out what the manuscript Qur’an has been given in terms of gilding and decoration. The main method used by the researcher in this study is analytical and descriptive. This study consists of two parts. In first part, the introduction of Hafiz Alpuri is presented, while in second part, his manuscript of the Qur’an is analyzed. The research findings, suggestions and recommendations are given at the end of the paper.
ORWELL’S ANIMAL FARM AS A UNIVERSAL POLITICAL ALLEGORY TO REFLECT ON PAKISTANI POLITICAL HISTORY
The paper presents a comparative analysis of George Orwell’s political allegory Animal Farm with Pakistani politics. For Tambling (2010), “[a]llegory describes one thing under the image of another, or speaks one thing while implying something else” (p. 6), whereas Cuddon (2013) describes allegory as “a story or image with several layers of meaning: behind the literal or surface meaning lie one or more secondary meanings of varying degrees of complexity” (p. 21). Orwell used this literary device in his novella Animal Farm (1945) to reflect upon the failure of the Russian Revolution. This paper aims to analyze the novella’s themes, concepts, and their relevance to the political history of Pakistan. Through this comparative study of Orwell’s Animal Farm and Pakistani political history we examine power structures as well as the causes that lead to the failure of revolutions and nations. The paper locates the similar elements of betrayal, corruption, deceit, unchecked authority and class stratification as in Animal Farm that have contributed to shaping the socio-political contours of Pakistani nation over the years since her inception. Establishing Orwell’s novella as a universal allegory the paper offers an introspective examination of the Pakistani political landscape, serving as a reminder that lessons learned from a universal allegory such as Animal Farm can help us understand better and navigate societal challenges in order to avoid the pitfalls that lead to the destruction and failure of any society. The paper is an appreciation of Orwell’s timeless allegory as a valuable literary resource for understanding the political systems globally.
SHARI'A AND RESEASRCH REVIEW OF HONOR KILLING REGARDING THE “RIWAJ NAMA E SWAT” (DECREE NO. 52 TO 58)
The state of Swat was an organized government in the Pakhtun regions of Pakistan. The rulers of Swat state were educated, experienced and loved the citizens of the state. This state was merged into Pakistan in 1969. The judicial affairs of this state were very simple and mirrored the traditions, civilization and religion of the local Pakhtun population. Swat Nama was the constitutional document of the Swat state which was agreed upon by the entire Pakhtun nation. "Riwaj Nama e Swat" of the State of Swat contains a large number of decrees in which criminal, civil and other types of decrees are recorded in a detailed manner. In this article a shari'a and research review of honor killing among civil powers has been done regarding the order of the same "Riwaj Nama e Swat". This paper is divided into two main topics. In the first part, the introduction and background of "Riwaj Nama e Swat" is described, while in the second part, various cases of honor killings are explained in the light of "Riwaj Nama e Swat". At the end of the paper, the summary discussion, recommendations and references are listed in the form of endnotes.
THE IMPACT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS
This study examines the impact of human resource management (HRM) practices on organizational performance. The target population consists of employees working in various organizations. A structured questionnaire was developed and distributed to all members of this population. The aim of this research is to explore the strategies implemented by HRM and their influence on organizational performance. The insights provided by employees in this industry are crucial for answering the research questions. The sample size for this study was 300 respondents, selected using a nonprobability sampling technique. Random sampling was employed as the sampling method. The data collection and research methodologies adhered to ethical guidelines. The questionnaire was distributed among the employees to gather relevant data for analysis. By investigating the relationship between HRM practices and organizational performance, this study aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field. The findings from this research provide insights and recommendations for organizations to enhance their HRM practices and ultimately improve their performance outcomes.
CATALYZING CHANGE: EMBEDDING EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (ESD) WITH THE SITUATED LEARNING MODEL
In this research study, the Situated Learning Model (SLM) has been successfully applied to promote Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) within the context of a university course, specifically General Science. The study focuses on the development and evaluation of the SLM implementation in the Fall semester of the B.Ed. (Elementary Education) program, session 2022-2026, at a reputable Public Sector University in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of fifty-seven students voluntarily participated in the research. The effectiveness of the SLM as an ESD technique was assessed using pre-test and post-test experimental research methodologies, revealing a significant increase in students' knowledge of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Additionally, through their participation in the SLM, students gained awareness of the benefits to the community and learned how to maintain an environmentally friendly lifestyle. This research demonstrates that the SLM teaching methodology is an increasingly valuable tool for developing both tangible and intangible competencies and promoting environmental awareness. It emphasizes that while conceptual knowledge may initially be intangible, it becomes tangible through real-life application and problem-solving, ultimately contributing to the ESD regime.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SUFI THOUGHTS OF SHAH FAKHRUDDIN DEHLVI AND SHAH WALIULLAH DEHLVI
There are two kinds of knowledge, one is the knowledge of the heart which is beneficial and the other is the oral knowledge which is the proof of Allah Almighty on the Son of Man.Verbal knowledge is external and heart knowledge is internal. The esoteric knowledge is the real beneficial knowledge. This knowledge illuminates the lamp of other hearts from the lamp of the heart. This is the esoteric knowledge of Sufism, so the subject of Sufism is very important, the study of which is very useful. Sufism is a method of self-purification which needs to be followed. At a time when the subcontinent was in a state of political, economic, social and religious decline, the society was in a state of decline, In this way, some well-known and distinguished personalities were born who not only saved humanity from destruction with their thoughts and deeds but also guided it on the right path. .In the turbulent times when India fell after Aurangzeb Alamgir, where socio-political and religious thinkers like Shah Waliullah were born.There, among your contemporaries, the personality of Shah Fakharuddin Delve a benefactor of Chastain chain, has a Muslim status.
THE GENDER ROLE AND CULTURAL EXCEPTION IN LOVE IN THE TIME OF CHOLERA: A FEMINIST ANALYSIS
The purpose of the present study is to examine gender role and cultural exceptions in Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s novel Love in the Time of Cholera by using feminism as key theoretical framework. The novel is a captivating exploration of love and human emotions in a South American society, delving into the theme of gender roles and cultural norms. The story of the novel revolves around the protagonist, FlorentinoAriza, who embodies patriarchal attitudes as he relentlessly pursues FerminaDaza, disregarding her autonomy. However, Fermina challenges societal expectations and asserts her independence, representing feminine agency in the face of traditional constraints. The novel artfully intertwines cultural exceptions with gender dynamics, highlighting the influence of societal norms on the characters’ choices and behaviors. Using qualitative research method, the research concludes that Marquez’s literary masterpiece serves as a poignant commentary on the complexities of gender representation, offering a thought-provoking canvas to explore individual agency and the evolution of gender roles amidst changing times. Further, the research aims to contribute to feminist literary criticism and gender studies.
CHALLENGES FACED BY TWENTY FIRST CENTURY WOMEN: A FEMINISTIC STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF CHETAN BHAGAT’S NOVEL ‘ONE INDIAN GIRL’by
Stylistics is a systematic study of form and content which studies the writer’s style and his/her use of content beyond the traditional and instinctive interpretation because it combines perception and detailed linguistic analysis of the text. The following research aims to explore the linguistic devices used by the author for describing the enthusiastic and revived character of Asian women with the help of feminist stylistic approach. Feminist stylistics, according to Mills (2005), is the use of language within the text itself for describing particular gender in a society and cannot be prescribed from outside world. Mills (1995) describes feministic stylistics as an approach which describes and interprets the use of linguistic items in terms of gender specification, sexism and discourse. A woman is always intended to be weak, submissive, subjugated, acquiescent and subservient to man in Asian culture. The study justifies the above claim by using Leech’s (2007) model through grammatical features which were used in the text for females. The study concludes that the nouns, adjectives and other specific nominalizations for an Asian woman is targeted with sexist language and Asian women are objectified with different symbols.
INVESTIGATING THE MUSLIM IDENTITY CRISIS IN THE KITE RUNNER BY KHALED HOSSEINI: A DIASPORIC ANALYSIS
The concepts of cultural identity and cultural globalisation are explored in this study. The search is highlighted via the lens of persons who frequently go back and forth between their home nation and a diaspora. This study analyses Khaled Hosseini's The Kite Runner from a diasporic theoretical perspective, looking at how the author portrays the Muslim identity crisis. This research looks at how difficult it may be for Muslim immigrants to maintain religious practises that are respectful of their new home cultures. The relationships Amir has with the other characters are the subject of the analysis as he experiences different difficulties. Diasporic Muslim idenity is the focus of this qualitative research. This study aims to decipher how this identity is depicted in the novel's several layers. It examines Muslim identity debate through a reading of the novel and an analysis of its plot, characters, and themes. This research investigates a contentious debate between cultural traditionalists and advocates of integration. Diasporic identity politics are also investigated.The survey's findings are consistent with the novel's depiction of Muslims' identity crisis.It's possible that this research idea might add to the field of diaspora studies.
HUMAN RESOURCE STRATEGY: ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE THROUGH EFFECTIVE HRM
In light of today's rapidly changing economic climate, this study investigates the role that HR strategy plays in raising the bar for corporate success. Using a literature synthesis approach, this research intends to illuminate the critical variables that lead to organizational performance by analyzing and comparing a variety of HRM theories and strategic HR practices. This study's overarching research topic investigates how strategic HRM improves organizational effectiveness by fostering a productive work environment, attracting and retaining the best employees, and boosting morale and productivity. The study takes a qualitative tack by relying heavily on a review of the existing literature. In order to maximize human capital for competitive advantage and sustainable growth, the results show how important strategic HRM is. The effects of strategic HRM on managing employees and improving productivity are discussed. This paper concludes that long-term success can be driven by a combination of positive work culture and HR policies that are aligned with company goals.
PAKISTAN: A SOCIO-LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE OF GRAFFITI WRITINGS
There are various researches, which have established that graffiti is a practice which is on the universal level. This research explores the phenomenon of graffiti in the Pakistani context. The research sets to demystify the themes of different types, which are exhibited with the assistance of graffiti. It further describes the sociocultural and corresponding religious ideologies of this part of the world. For this purpose, Dell Hymes (1974) model of SPEAKING is used by the researcher in order to analyze the information delivered through graffiti. Studying the graffiti can provide us with the salient information regarding attitudes as well as the socio-cultural features. For the given purpose Lahore, a historical and cultural city of Pakistan is chosen especially some of the areas like Model Town, Center Point, and Husnain chowk. The contention of the research is not to highlight graffiti as a social crime or to shed highlight on the rebellious facet of this part of the world rather it shows the socio-cultural norms, social behavior and religious beliefs of the existing Pakistani society through graffiti.
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN DERA GHAZI KHAN 2018 -2022
This is an analytical study that primarily deals with the socio-development in Dera Ghazi Khan during 2018-22, is considered an underdeveloped region of the country. The Study analyzed the social development and projects started by Sardar Usman Ahmad Khan Buzdar as Chief Minister of Punjab for the social uplift of the people in this deprived area. The study also explores the political development as the involvement of local elite and their role in local politics is for the development of the region and how a Chief and Tumandar is dominant in his area and what the voting behavior of the people is whether they are limited to one party or they have and political ideology. This article is an attempt to highlight the socio-political development in Dera Ghazi Khan especially in Tribal Area during the above-mentioned era.
DEMONSTRATION OF GENDER IN CHILDREN FANTASY FICTION: A SEMIOLOGICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS(SDA) OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STORY BOOKS
This study concentrates on children's fantasy fiction to investigate gender representations in a selection of elementary school storybooks. This study reveals gender ideology in terms of how gender stereotypes are represented via linguistic and semiotic means. Children's literature influences gender ideology. When students read stories with stereotypically portrayed characters, they reinforce preconceived notions. Stories are constructed in cultural context. Children are products of this particular cultural context, and they tend to conduct in accordance with the gendered ideologies ingrained in cultural discourse. Fantasy novels are historical records. The current qualitative study concentrates on children's literature to examine gender representations. The research examines fifteen works of children's fantasy fiction. The data was collected using the technique of systematic sampling. For the Critical Discourse Analysis of narratives, a qualitative approach has been employed, and the frameworks of Fairclough (1995), Barthes (1974), and Kruger (2000) have been utilised for critical and semi-logical analysis. The findings indicate that 21st-century children's fantasy literature emphasises gender representations. In patriarchal societies, males are dominant, as has been observed. Because they have power, they are free to exercise their free will in every situation, whereas women are valued for domestic purposes. In some legends, women have been portrayed as demons, while men have been depicted as dependent on women. The study also reveals the role of customs and traditions in determining the destinies of women. Through the analysis of picture books, this study expands our understanding of the phenomenon of gender representations and encourages future scholars to conduct additional academic research on gender representations in other pedagogical sources, such as novels, dramas, morning shows, newspapers, magazines, and talk shows, etc.
SPILLOVER OF COVID-19: IMPACT ON THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN
The chief purpose of this research is to recognize the impact of COVID-19 on the education system of Pakistan. Another purpose of this study is to highlight the spread of global spillover of COVID-19 and the measures that are taken by the government of Pakistan after the lockdown. The secondary data collection is used in this research because the secondary data collection method is not time-consuming and expensive as compared to primary data collection. The findings disclose that the government of Pakistan has advised the people to keep the distance from one another and there will be a great loss of education in Pakistan with the further extends in lockdown. This research study does not focus on other countries or other fields that are affected by COVID-19. The other fields like business, economy, industries, and health sectors should be focused on this research. The study explores the effect of COVID-19 on the learning system of Pakistan and the details of distance learning programs that have been started in Pakistan after the lockdown. The novelty of a study is produced due to this study regarding the COVID-19 and the education system of Pakistan.
SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY SERVICES OF SYED NASEERUDDIN NASEER: A RESEARCH REVIEW
Golrah Sharif is a school where the fountains of knowledge and wisdom spring up. This is the place where lovers of love always gather to get spiritual blessings. Golrah Sharif has the honor that the disbelievers end here. Prophethood was challenged and the word of truth and truth was raised. It was Hazrat Pir Meher Ali Shah who paid the right to be the family of Rasool ﷺ. The descendants of Hazrat Pir Meher Ali Shah also gave ample evidence of their successorship and did not let the ongoing fountain of prosperity in this school diminish. Hazrat Pir Naseeruddin Naseer is one of the great names among the glorification of the same successors of Hazrat Pir Meher Ali Shah. Pir Naseeruddin Naseer, as a Sufi, poet, writer, researcher, historian, religious scholar, taught this school. Increased the prestige of۔ His scholarly and literary services are definitely a part of history. His research and compilation and spiritual education were going on when suddenly the heartbreaking news came that his soul had departed. Pir Naseeruddin Naseer Sajjada Nasheen Astana Aliya Golda Sharif was preparing to deliver the Friday sermon when suddenly he had a heart attack and he was shocked by the true Creator. Pir Naseeruddin Naseer was a comprehensive scholar, he wrote poetry in seven languages He was born in Golra Sharif, Astana, in the house of Hazrat Syed Ghulam Moinuddin Gilani Golrovi. Due to being the eye and lamp of Sadat Golra Sharif and having various personal academic and literary qualities, Syed Pir Naseeruddin Naseer also held an important position in the country of Pakistan. He was of rank. Through various channels of Pakistani newspapers, magazines, radio and television, his system of eloquence used to reach every special and general. There was nothing less. He had adopted a genius personality in his life. His grasp of Arabic and Persian was evident that eminent professors of universities and eminent scholars of religious schools sought guidance from him.
CULTURE OF PEACE: ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ AWARENESS TOWARD PEACE EDUCATION AT SECONDARY LEVEL
The study was designed to analyze the students’ awareness of peace education at the secondary level. The research design was descriptive and the survey method was used to find out how high school students felt about Peace education. The population of the study was comprised of Students who were admitted at the secondary school level in 10th grade in the Lahore division in the districts i.e., Lahore, Kasur, Sheikhupura and Nankana Sahab. The sample of the study was drawn from the population which consisted of 1480 of 10th grade students. A questionnaire was developed based on a five-point Likert scale for data collection. The tool was composed of two parts i.e., background knowledge of peace education and sub aspects i.e., Peace education awareness, Peace responsibilities, tolerance, and human rights. Validation of the tool was managed through experts’ opinions. The reliability was ensured by applying Conbach Alpha and its value was found .899. It was found that the students were significantly different opinions on the majority of peace education aspects while location-wise, the students were more knowled living in urban areas. The male students were more knowledge about the aspects of peace education than female students while the overall knowledge of the students was found average. It is recommended to provide learning opportunities to the students in the classroom through the revision of content and also train teachers about peace education.
INTELLIGENCE-DRIVEN SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT AND RESILIENCE STRATEGIES.
This research article focuses on applying intelligence-driven strategies to enhance supply chain risk management and build resilience. The study utilizes secondary data analysis through SPSS software, with a sample size of 500 organizations operating in diverse industries. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the descriptive and inferential analysis of supply chain risks and the effectiveness of resilience strategies. The descriptive analysis explores various dimensions of supply chain risks, such as demand volatility, supplier reliability, transportation disruptions, and regulatory compliance. Additionally, it investigates the prevalence and impact of risks in different industries and geographical regions. This analysis aims to identify the critical risk factors that pose significant challenges to supply chain operations. The inferential analysis assesses the relationships between risk factors and their influence on supply chain resilience. The research investigates the effectiveness of intelligence-driven strategies, including real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning, in mitigating risks and enhancing supply chain resilience. Furthermore, the study examines the role of collaboration among supply chain partners in improving resilience and reducing vulnerabilities. The findings from this research provide valuable insights into the current state of supply chain risk management practices and the effectiveness of resilience strategies in diverse industries. The results contribute to the existing body of knowledge by identifying best practices, key risk factors, and potential areas for improvement. Moreover, they assist practitioners and decision-makers in developing proactive risk management strategies and fostering resilience in their supply chain operations.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN ISLAM
Rights refer to the benefits and demands enjoyed by mankind from which they cannot be deprived. In case of deprivation, they can be recovered by legal action because the creator and owner of this universe had entrusted the human being with their basic rights at the time of their birth. Undoubtedly, these rights are granted by nature but when we turn the pages of history, the developed or undeveloped civilizations of the world religions have always violated the rights of women. Woman, who is half of this universe and the guardian of generations and it has always been a victim of social oppression. The system of relationships in this universe is based on the union of man and woman. The system of life offered by Islamic Shariat is based on equality between men and women. Islam does not believe in any discrimination between men and women, but requires that men and women fulfill their rights and duties in a good manner. Islam advocates justice in rights. In the religion of Islam, woman has been declared as the main pillar of the society. Women's rights have not been reduced in any way, just like men's rights are women's rights. Whether these rights are related to education or any other aspect of life. Islam provides complete guidance for men and women in all these aspects. Islam is the only religion which gave women all the rights fourteen hundred years ago for which women are fighting today. Before Islam and after Islam, the non-Muslim woman was not given the status she deserved. With the emergence of Islam, Islam gave women their economic, social, educational, legal, inheritance and all other rights which were suspended by all the nations of the world.
A PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF WAZIR BEGUM'S CHARACTER ) IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NOVEL KAI CHAND THAY SAR-E-ASMAN)
The novel “Kai chand thay sar-e- asman , by shams –ur-Rehman Farooqi appeared publicly in2006. This novel alludes to the stifling traditions and declining societal landscape of Mughal era. Wazir begum is the main character of the Novel, who is overwhelmed with many psychological intricacies and complications. She desires to lead her life as per her choice and uses men just for her own benefit. The character of Wazir begum reflects opposite personality traits. Wazir begum’s character, in fact is a metaphorical representation of the downfall of Delhi sultanate and Mughal Empire.
THE GOTHIC-HER STORY: EXPLICATING THE SILENT GROTESQUE FEMALE IN THE MAGICAL SPACE OF MYTHOLOGICAL WORLD IN THE LIVING AND THE DEAD BY RABINDRANATH TAGORE
This study investigates the portrayal of the silent grotesque female in the magical space of the mythological world, focusing on the character of Kadambini in Rabindranath Tagore’s The Living and the Dead (1991). The study aims to investigate the impact of the mythological world on the life of the protagonist and the ways that enable her to understand the power of mythological implications and their impact on the lives of people. Through her experiences, Kadambini realizes the pervasiveness of internalized horrific patterns due to stereotypical mythological implications and the importance of the Gothic her-story. By situating the Gothic-her story in the magical space of the mythological world, this research exposes the constraints that the protagonist in The Living and the Dead faces due to the inherent societal rules and the significance of highlighting the voice of the silent grotesque female as its embodiment. This study contributes to the growing body of scholarship to the Gothic her-story and its relationship to the magical world genre. Kadambini’s residual in dual worlds, human and ghost, brings her the understanding that mythological implications are more powerful due to the internalized horrific patterns in the lives of the people. As a result, Kadambini has to die to prove that she was misperceived as a ghost while being alive. The research proves that the abstract version of Gothic horror with a blending of magical realism brings forth the stereotypical belief system where reality appears as blurred and fizzy. Kadambini had to follow the inclusive traditional patterns instead of a realistic stance. The study illuminates the pervasive nature of magical space in the form of societal norms with the influence of Gothic horror and the potential of literature to challenge them.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES TOWARDS TYPHOID AMONG HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS WORKING IN PRIVATE CLINICS OF DISTRICT WEST KARACHI
Background: Typhoid is a communicable disease that disturbs societies in developing countries, especially crowded population areas with poor sanitation are high risk where healthcare professionals are a major source for the prevention of typhoid, and therefore, good knowledge, attitude, and practices are essential for developing of a healthy society. Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze the knowledge, attitude, and practices towards typhoid among healthcare professionals working in private clinics of district west Karachi. Methodology: This study was done by using quantitative research methods among Health care professionals (HCPs) working in private clinics of district west Karachi, data were collected from 116 HCPs on a questionnaire survey basis. After data collection, it was analyzed by SPSS v.21. Results: Out of 116 respondents most of them were male having clinical experience of more than 10 years. A clear majority of general practitioners scored good knowledge while negative attitudes and practices were found. Conclusion: The study concluded that respondents were having a good amount of knowledge about the phenomena under study however poor attitudes and practices of healthcare professionals were found which shows the negligence of social health situation in slums by researchers, social workers, and authorities therefore, more focus should be needed for the improvement of a healthy society by concerned stakeholders. The study further concluded that there is a need for targeted interventions to improve the prevention practices of HCPs in the district west Karachi.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MENTAL STRESS: ITS POSSIBLE SOLUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLAMIC SHARI’AH
Stress is a natural psychological and physiological response to the demands of everyday life. Feeling overwhelmed by mental or emotional stress can turn into stress when you feel out of control. While a certain level of stress may motivate one person, the same level of stress may depress another. When you're under a lot of stress, your body's defense system, called "fight or flight," kicks in. Human has been created as a mixture of two basic essential parts i.e. soul and body, of which the spiritual aspect is of great importance in human life, through which man is connected with his creator and owner and he By knowing Him, one strives to become His perfect servant - If a person knows his Creator and lives his life according to the will of Allah, such a person will not be overwhelmed by fear, anxiety and depression - if he were to neglect it. And if he does not fulfill the purpose of his master by utilizing the requirements of the soul, then he will be subject to inner restlessness, anxiety and conflict, which may result in mental stress, as Allah says: "Those who follow my guidance will have no fear, nor will they grieve." This mental tension usually increases due to intolerance, so much so that it has recently swallowed nine lives in a single household in Pakistan Malakand Division. Conflicts can be seen everywhere nowadays. You can see its scenes from the riots of your neighborhood to national, regional and international riots. Our test in this age is what attitude we choose. Lest we be among the instigators of riots by importing or exporting them and suffer the punishment for the atrocities of others. In this article, the negative effects of mental stress and the role of Islamic law in its solution have been discussed.
NEWS MEDIA DISCOURSE OF IMRAN KHAN’S ARREST IN MAY 2023: DISCOURSE HISTORICAL APPROACH
This research paper studies the news media discourse surrounding Imran Khan’s arrest, a prominent Pakistani politician, in May 2023. The study employs the Discourse Historical Analysis (DHA) theoretical framework by Wodak (2015) to analyze the discursive strategies used in four selected editorials published in English newspapers from Pakistan and India from May 9th to 12th, 2023. The DHA attempts to understand the complexities of socio-political and historical contexts in shaping discourses and their potential for social change and identity politics. The research focuses on identifying the discursive strategies applied in the editorials and examining the similarities and differences in their representations of Imran Khan's arrest in the news editorials. The text uses referential strategies like direct references, metonymy, synecdoche, and membership categorization. Predication strategies are used with stereotypical and evaluative attributions, and implicit and explicit predicates. Deixis is employed in both argumentation and perspectivization. Also, topoi are applied in the argumentation strategies. In Indian editorials, perspectivation strategies show detachment of the writers, while in Pakistani editorials, low involvement of the writers is observed. Hyperbole is used for intensification to highlight the seriousness of the situation. Verbs like modals, WH-questions, and action verbs also emphasize the text's viewpoint. Euphemistic expressions are used as a mitigation strategy. In conclusion, the Pakistani editorials emphasize internal political situations in Pakistan, and the Indian editorials focus on the role of the Pakistani military and its impact on India. Future research can further explore the diversity of news media discourse and its impact on Pakistan's public opinion and political discourse.
SYMBOLIC ANALYSIS IN POETRY OF ROBERT FROST AND THOMAS DYLAN
This study has its focus on the investigations of symbolic perspectives in the selected poems of a well- known American poet Robert Frost and a modern Welsh poet Thomas Dylan. It also aims at the comparison of symbols used by these poets keeping in view “The Theory of Symbolic Interactionism ’’ by Blumer. Both the poets are related to the modern era and their works enlighten the dark spots under the veil of consumerism and blind competition of people with one another. The relation of man with nature is described vehemently by both the poets. In the present study, the researcher has tried to investigate the role of natural symbols employed by the poets on the thinking and psychological state of common people. This study also highlights how modern man is stuck with unending responsibilities. A modern man is actually suffering from alienated and sordid atmosphere. There is a communication gap between human beings which can be fulfilled by nature and its proximity with individuals and their groups. An optimistic view of life is presented for the modern readers through the use of symbolic tools. Death is presented to be an eternal reality and about to bridge the gulf and connect man with life. So, death must be welcomed in an unusual manner. In almost all the poems there is a single narrator who is either enjoying the overwhelming charm of nature or raging violently against death. All these perspectives depict the social background and relative states of the characters. The readers deduce the message veiled behind the universal and personal symbols according to their peculiar symbolic approach and status in the modern mechanically controlled society.
ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
Analyzing the Human Resource Management (hereinafter: HRM) practices of small and medium-sized business enterprises is the need of modern-day marketers. Understanding the function of HRM in small and medium-sized businesses and the internal and external factors that have the greatest impact on these organizations is crucial because 99.8% of businesses fall into this size range and thus contribute significantly to high employment rates. In this study, we look at the organizational and environmental challenges that small businesses face that may lead them to adopt a more systematic approach to HRM. HRM literature was used to construct a conceptual model, which was then verified for internal consistency using three different methods: exploratory interviews, variable readjustment using the Delphi technique, and multivariate statistical testing. We used structural equation modeling to evaluate the hypotheses of our conceptual model based on data from a survey of one hundred Pakistani small businesses. The research shows that formal and structured HRM practices and policies are associated with factors like organizational structure, management and communication style, career management, organizational flexibility, organizational strategy, and national culture. The number of dimensions and variables under analysis, as well as the complexity of the model under testing, are only two examples of the study's complexity, which offers certain restrictions on both the conceptual analysis and empirical levels. Data collection from workers is one example of a larger study direction. A new angle on the company's processes and a broader look at certain topics not fully explored here may result from such an investigation.
RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE IN THE NOVELS OF QURAT-UL-AIN HAIDER (A POST-COLONIAL STUDY (
In the colonial system, religious sectarianism is used as a tool to achieve the colonial objectives. The British settlers adopted this strategy in the subcontinent as well as in their other settlements. Before the arrival of the British, Indian society was the cradle of religious tolerance. The British sowed the seeds of hatred on linguistic and religious grounds; even the inhabitants of India were not tolerant of one another. If we study the novels of QaratulAin Haider, the spirit of the real society of the subcontinent is seen breathing in these novels. She recovers the original society of the subcontinent in her writings. In her novels, there is the land of Indo Pak, where the Bhagati movement was born. Buddhist monks, Hindu yogis and sage Guru Nanak chanted slogans of peace and harmony and Muslim Sufis spread the message of peace and love. A subcontinent is a model of religious and cultural harmony, where the people of every religion are free to practice their religion and everyone respected each other's religion.
MENTAL HEALTH AND FACTORS RELATED TO MENTAL HEALTH AMONG PAKISTANI UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
In order to address the growing concern about mental health concerns among university students in Pakistan, this article focuses on the causes of these difficulties and suggests viable remedies. The research review highlights the effects of peer pressure, technology use, family expectations, financial restrictions, social and cultural norms, academic pressure, and financial restraints on students' mental health. Low mental health literacy and job market uncertainty make the problem worse. The study's aims include determining the incidence of mental health problems among university students in Pakistan, identifying risk factors, and examining the links between academic pressure, job insecurity, and mental health outcomes. The study uses a cross-sectional design and a quantitative research methodology to collect data from 460 Pakistani university students using stratified random sampling. The examination of the data suggests that students experience moderate degrees of anxiety, despair, stress, loneliness, and sleep disruptions. Technology usage, financial stress, and academic stress are all quite common, but social support could be a buffer against mental health problems. Influences from culture barely make a difference.The study suggests campaigns to lessen stigma and raise awareness of mental health issues, stress management programmes, financial aid efforts, guidelines for safe technology use, and the encouragement of social support networks among students. Pakistani universities may greatly improve their students' overall wellbeing and academic achievement by giving mental health education and assistance a high priority.
EXPLORING THE RELATION BETWEEN LEARNING STYLES AND WRITING COMPETENCE OF PAKISTANI ESL LEARNERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR INSTRUCTION AND ASSESSMENT"
This study aims to investigate the relationship between learning styles and academic performance among Pakistani ESL learners, using a sequential mixed-method research design. The study focuses on writing as the dependent variable and considers learning style as the independent variable. The research population consists of English as a second language learners in Pakistan, and the sample frame includes 66 intermediate grade 11 students from PAF College Fazaia Sargodha, comprising 53 male and 13 female participants. Purposive sampling is utilized to select participants who are most relevant to the research question. Kolb’s (1921) theory of learning styles was used as the framework. Data is analyzed through a statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) version 26. Findings suggest that there was a small positive correlation between learning style and writing scores in sentence structure, a weak positive correlation was found between learning styles and writing scores in the organization of ideas while a strong correlation between learning styles and grammar score was found.
CROSS-GENDER VICTIMS’ NAMING IN SEXUAL VIOLENCE NEWS IN PAKISTANI NEWSPAPERS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
The present study attempts to unravel social actors’ naming (male and female) used by means of language. It explores and compares opposite genders as a victim in sexual offence news from Pakistani English newspapers. Accordingly, this research is qualitative in its nature. To achieve the set objectives, total 16 news samples are taken from four English newspapers i.e. The Express-Tribune, Dawn, Daily Times and Daily Pakistan. The textual data are retrieved from January 20, 2018 to September 09, 2022. The male and female’s data are categorized according to the legal terms as incest, sodomy and rape. For this purpose, Theo Van Leeuwen’s inclusion strategy in social actor network (2008) is used to investigate gender stereotypes via Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). This research draws conclusion that cross-gender victims are foregrounded and placed on active position in distal relations but are on passive in proximal relations. Furthermore, male victims are described with relational, national, age classifications and through appraisal while female victims’ names are labelled with physical identity, age and gender classifications.
EXPLORATION OF PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES IN THE RELIGIOUS SPEECHES OF CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC SCHOLARS
This study investigates the exploration of persuasive strategies used in the selected religious speeches of Dr. Tahir ul Qadri, Mufti Taqi Usmani and Dr. Mufti Ismail Menk. The study applies Aristotle’s modes of persuasion: ethos, pathos and logos for the analysis of the selected speeches. Results of the study show that ethos is used by the selected speakers to persuade the audience with the portrayal of the good image of being dedicated religious scholars. Religious outlook helps to emphasize the religious message. Pathos is another strategy of persuasion used by the selected scholars to control the emotions of the audience. Furthermore, persuasion through logos provides justification through logical arguments and facts. These modes of persuasion were highlighted through the text by the following: the use of personal pronouns, repetitions, expertise and reputation, code switching, adjectives and references from the Holy Quran and Hadith. It is concluded that persuasion can be done through language with a number of strategies used by the religious scholars to maximize the effect of their speeches. Future studies can be conducted by comparing the modes of persuasion used by Muslim and non-Muslim scholars.
EFFECT OF DIGITAL LITERACY ON STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE AT BS LEVEL IN MULTAN
The world is quickly transitioning towards a digital environment, and digital technologies have been embedded in most popular cultures in an irreversible manner. Every company is doing all it can to maintain its position in the online race. These technologies provide everyone the ability to succeed at their highest possible level in their respective fields, particularly education. As a result, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence that being literate in digital technologies has on the academic performance of students who are enrolled in higher education in Pakistan. The goals of this study were to determine the students' perceived level of digital literacy; determine the relationship between digital literacy and academic performance; determine students' levels of communication and research skills; determine students' levels of confidence; determine barriers to learning and practices of digital literacy; and determine whether or not there is a significant difference between the perceptions of students regarding digital literacy based on gender and university sector. The findings of the correlation showed that digital literacy had a substantial influence on the studaents' communication skills (r = 0.305), research skills (r = 0.624), and confidence (r = 0.238), but it had no effect on the students' cumulative grade point average (r = 0-.15). In addition, when gender and university sector were considered separately, it was found that there was no discernible variation in the students' opinions of the importance of digital literacy aspects. The furture researchers can use this method for their researches as well.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AND PRACTICING TEACHERS ON THEIR WORKPLACE IN PUNJAB
It is fact that mostly teachers are well aware regarding their course and an effective pedagogical technique, but if they consider it as compellation to adapt their instruction for a new technology, resultantly they are more possible to repel this change entirely. Therefore, a study to diagnose the prevailing situation regarding use of information and communication technology in the Punjab was conducted. Main findings of the study were: i) female teachers have better practices towards use technological innovations as compared to the male teachers, ii) SSE teachers have better practices towards use technological innovations as compared to the SST teachers, iii) there was insignificant difference (Sig. =.315) amongst the dissimilar professional qualification of male teachers on their beliefs to use technological innovations, and there was also insignificant dissimilarity (Sig. =.287) amongst the various professional qualification of female teachers on their beliefs to use technological innovations. Findings of the study clarified that newly appointed teachers i.e. SSE have better beliefs regarding technological innovations as compared to SST, therefore, training institutes i.e. QAEDs should arrange refresher training for old teachers to enhance their IT skills for better teaching learning process. Furthermore, the policy makers may suggest training courses for teachers regarding proper utilization of technological innovations during teaching learning process.
INVESTIGATING THE ENGLISH GRAMMAR LEARNING DIFFICULTIES AMONG ELEMENTARY-LEVEL STUDENTS
English being a secondary language, most of the students feel difficulty in learning English grammar in our schools. Main focus of the study was to identify the difficulties faced by students in learning English grammar and to diagnose the effects of difficulties faced by students on their learning at elementary level as perceived by students. This study was quantitative in nature. A sample size of 80 teachers and 400 students was selected randomly. Two questionnaires on five-point Likert scale were developed. One was for students and second was for teachers. All necessary formalities for data collection were taken into consideration. Data was analyzed by using SPSS Software. Results highlighted that students faced maximum problems in pronunciation of English language and minimum problems in structure of sentences according to the perception of students. On the bases of findings, it is recommended that majority of the students faced pronunciation problems in English language, therefore, practicing teachers should focus on phonetics and phonology in English language teaching. Almost all the categories of students who faced low level of English language learning problems depicted high achievement, so, policy makers should include curriculum regarding effective teaching of English language to minimize students’ problems.
A COMPARATIVE AND RESEARCH STUDY OF THE SELECTED MODERN JURISPRUDENTIAL ISSUES IN THE LIGHT OF SELECTIVE URDU TAFASEER
The Qur’an and Hadith are the primary sources of Islam. They offer solutions to the problems of every nation, region, and situation in the future. Apart from this, there are two secondary sources, which are jurisprudence and the interaction of the Ummah. The difference between the two sources is that the first mentioned source is mentioned in a principled and general style, while the latter secondary source is compiled in a detailed and detailed style. The hadiths of the Prophet ﷺ and the Sunnah of the Holy Qur’an are interpretations and explanations, while the jurisprudence and interaction of the Ummah are the interpretations and practical examples of the hadiths and the original. The Muslim Ummah is facing many modern problems in every age and century. The solutions to these modern problems are found perfectly in the sources of Islam. For this, other sciences are needed only as support and not permanently. The research and comparative analysis of selected jurisprudential issues are presented in the light of selected Urdu commentaries. These three Urdu commentaries were Compiled by Mufti Muhammad shafi,Allama ghulam Rasool saeedi and Abul-Ala Al-Maududi. All three personalities are great Islamic scholars who have elaborately discussed modern jurisprudential issues in their interpretations. In the current era, there is a need to present research and a comparative review of these jurisprudential issues, these debates are covered in the present paper: the original about the rulings, a review of Western democracy and Islamic Shariatism, the command to offer Nafila prayers while riding, and offering prayers in moving trains and aeroplanes. Order, justification of prayer through a loudspeaker, order of hunting by gunshot, use of European products, and the issue of blood transfusion These issues are compared and analysed as well. The above-mentioned paper is divided into three main parts: in the first part, the types of modern problems and their solutions are discussed; in the second part, the selected jurisprudential problems are evaluated in light of the three interpretations; and in the third part, European products and blood transfusions are examined. A comparative review is presented. Summary discussion, conclusions, and recommendations are presented at the end of the paper, while footnotes are listed at the end.
In this research the researcher explores about Neo miniature, this term of miniature now spread in Pakistan. The origins of " neo-miniature " refer to a contemporary art movement that combines traditional techniques of miniature painting with contemporary themes, styles and subject matter. It is a reinterpretation and evolution of a traditional miniature art form with a long history in various cultures including Persia, India and the Mughals. Neominiature artists draw inspiration from the rich heritage of miniature painting, but infuse their work with contemporary elements, stories and aesthetics. They often deal with social, cultural, political and personal issues and deal with issues relevant to the modern world. This art movement became popular in his late twentieth century and continues to evolve today. It provides artists with a platform to experiment with new materials, techniques and concepts while preserving the intricate detail and meticulous craftsmanship of miniature art. The advent of neo-miniatures has allowed artists to bridge the gap between tradition and innovation, creating a unique fusion that appeals to both traditional and contemporary art lovers.
EXPLORING EPIDERMALIZATION OF INFERIORITY IN SHAMSIE’S JUNGLE JIM: A POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES
This research delved into Muneeza Shamsie's short story "Jungle Jimi," analyzing it through the lens of Fanon's (1967) concept of the epidermalization of inferiority. The idea is that constant reiteration of the colonized subject’s inferior status creates a deep-rooted feeling of inferiority in the subject’s psyche which festers and grows till the subject is unable to see himself as anything other than what the colonizer’s perspective paints him to be. The research methodology is qualitative content analysis and explored how the colonized subject depicts the epidermalization of inferiority in Jungle Jim. It has been found that the colonized subject still considers the colonizer as superior, even though colonialism has long ended. Moreover, the colonized subject suffers from mixed identities and is thus unable to create a compact sense of ‘self’, which leads to a shattered identity and a troubled psyche.
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION OF LEARNING ENGLISH AS A SUBJECT AT THE SECONDARY LEVEL
Motivation is said to be the basis of all learning. Every effort is driven by the intentions of man. The study aims to explore secondary student’s language learning motivational profiles with the purpose to study factors that influence the language learning process. The quantitative method is used in this research study. To assess motivational level a questionnaire was developed. It was constructed on Gardner’s model of a second language motivational Test Battery called an Attitude Motivational Test Battery (AMTB). The questionnaire consisted of thirty items belonging to different motivational orientations and was filled by a sample of 160 students (80 girls and 80 boys) aged 14 years to 17. The sample of the study was taken from four schools in Rawalpindi City. Data received in the form of Questionnaires were analyzed with the help of SPSS statistical packages. Person Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was applied to investigate the relationship between Integrative motivation, instrumental motivation, and performance. An Independent sample t-test was used to examine the motivation level among secondary-level students, studying English as a compulsory subject. The result of the study reveals that the participant’s motivational level was high. Statistics of data also reflect that there exist gender differences concerning motivation and academic performance in English. It was also found that secondary-level male students are more extrinsically motivated as compared to intrinsic motivation to learn English at this stage. Female students’ motivational profile is slightly different from boys. Female students are more intrinsically motivated as compared to extrinsic motivation to study English at the secondary level. Statistical data from the study also shows that female respondents are equally motivated by both internal as well as external factors.
CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY IN THE HOLY QURAN: AN ANALYSIS
In this article we will discuss the concept of “Sustainability”, in Quranic perspective, as this specific term is originated from the movement, which was originated in the last quarter of twentieth century, and which is talking about the efficient use of both natural and human resources. On the other hand, Islam has given a comprehensive concept of “Sustainability” which envelopes every sphere of life including economic, social an environmental dimension. Islam teaches us the responsible use of resources as these resources are a valuable gift from Allah for both present and upcoming generations. The Islamic concept of “Sustainability” bears the holistic meaning of empathy and charity (compulsory and optional both) for others. Islam recommends the simple lifestyle and nominal consumptions. The holy Quran strongly supported the concept of “Sustainable Development” which provides a concrete base for the adaptation and implementation of the said concept, in both individual and collective capacities. The purpose of this article is to define “Islamic Sustainable development” and to articulate its tools, logics and to reach out the authentic guidelines for future plantings. In this study, we will discuss in detail: 1- The analysis of Concept of Sustainability, in the light of Quranic injunctions. 2- The new approaches and implementation strategies for future in all countries.
SOCIOLINGUISTIC IMPLICATIONS OF ONLINE EFL LEARNING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF LANGUAGE USE AND INTERACTION IN TEACHER EDUCATION
This empirical study delves into the sociolinguistic implications of online English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning, with a particular focus on the language use and interaction dynamics in teacher education. To conduct this investigation, qualitative research methods were employed, encompassing semi-structured interviews with a diverse group of EFL learners and the observation and analysis of real-time language interactions within virtual lessons. The results of the study shed light on the multifaceted language practices of online EFL learners, influenced by factors such as the virtual environment, language proficiency levels, and teacher-student interactions. Instances of code-switching, language negotiation, and emerging language norms emerged within the digital language learning context. The study underscores the significance of technology-enhanced language learning in shaping sociolinguistic dynamics and highlights the need to cultivate a supportive virtual classroom environment that encourages effective language communication and embraces linguistic diversity. By contributing valuable insights into the implications of technology integration in EFL education, this research offers meaningful guidance to educators and policymakers seeking to optimize language learning experiences in online settings.
UNVEILING HOMELESSNESS AND NOSTALGIA IN THE ISLAND OF MISSING TREES: A POSTCOLONIAL STUDY
This article examines the themes of homelessness and nostalgia in The Island of Missing Trees, a postcolonial novel that portrays the protagonist’s emotional journey of displacement and yearning for a lost homeland. Through a critical analysis of the narrative, the study unravels how the island symbolizes cultural identity and rootedness for the protagonist. The island’s natural beauty and historical significance intensify the nostalgia for a past impacted by colonial forces. Characters’ interactions with the landscape illuminate the influence of colonial legacies on their identities and sense of place. The metaphor of ‘missing trees’ represents lost memories and suppressed histories, driving the protagonist’s quest for self-discovery. The findings of the study indicate that the people in foreign land fall a pray to the sense of homelessness and nostalgia. The study, by highlighting themes of identity, memory, and cultural heritage within text of novel, proves a fruitful addition to the existing body of literature in field of post colonialism.
EFFECTS OF CHATGPT INTEGRATION AS AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOL FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH: AN EXPLORATORY SURVEY AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL
The purpose of this project is to investigate the outcomes of using ChatGPT as an AI tool for university-level instruction and research. The three specific goals of this study are to: (1) To determine the level of awareness and familiarity of ChatGPT among university students and faculty members; (2) To assess the perceived benefits and drawbacks of using ChatGPT as an artificial intelligence tool for educational and research activities; and (3) To investigate the willingness of students and faculty to use ChatGPT in this capacity. This study used a self-administered questionnaire and an exploratory survey approach. 200 university students and faculty members made up the sample; they were chosen using convenience sampling. Data were examined using descriptive statistics and content analysis, and the questionnaire included both closed-ended and open-ended items. According to the results, the majority of respondents were aware of and familiar with ChatGPT as an AI tool to varying degrees. Additionally, the respondents perceived ChatGPT as a useful and easy-to-use tool for enhancing teaching and research. Furthermore, the results indicated that ChatGPT integration had a positive impact on the quality of education and research outcomes. The study concludes that integrating ChatGPT as an AI tool can enhance the quality of education and research outcomes at the university level. The results suggest that universities should consider integrating ChatGPT into their educational and research programs to enhance the learning and research experiences of their students and faculty.
NARRATIVE AND SEMANTIC ANALYSIS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “LANGUAGES OF TRUTH” AND IMAGINARY HOMELAND” BY SALMAN RUSHDIE
The aim of the study is to draw a comparison of selected novels by British-American author Ahmed Salman Rushdie by doing narrative and semantic analysis. 'Languages of Truth' is a compilation of Salman Rushdie's essays and speeches delivered during the course of his career. 'Imaginary Homelands' is an anthology of essays and critical analysis. The purpose of this analysis is also to assess the merits and shortcomings of the book, as well as its semantic network of 'Imaginary Homelands' and 'languages of truth'. The article also provides details how to place 'Imaginary Homelands' within the broader framework of its subject area, contrasting it with 'Languages of truth' and noting its contributions to the field. The qualitative approach taken here sheds light on several facets of both "Imaginary Homelands" and "Languages of Truth," as the title of this study suggests. Metaphor, narrative structure, textual register, and organizational system are only few of the areas where the two writings are compared and contrasted. This study also elaborates the commonalities, both "Languages of Truth" and "Imaginary Homelands", share in their focus on language and identity, as well as their use of cultural study, literary criticism, and introspective writing. The study identifies the reasons Rushdie's books have captivated readers all over the world.
BRIDGING THE GAP: CPEC ON REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY STRENGTHENING BONDS IN CENTRAL ASIA AND THE MIDDLE EAST
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has emerged as a significant initiative aimed at strengthening regional connectivity and fostering bonds between Central Asia, the Middle East, and beyond. CPEC is a flagship project of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and encompasses a vast network of infrastructure development projects, including transportation networks, energy pipelines, and industrial zones. This abstract explores the role of CPEC in bridging the gap between countries in Central Asia and the Middle East, and its potential to enhance regional cooperation and economic integration. CPEC's strategic location, connecting the Arabian Sea to China's northwestern region via Pakistan, has the potential to significantly reduce transportation costs and time for trade between the participating countries. This infrastructure connectivity is expected to boost economic activities, attract foreign investment, and facilitate the movement of goods, services, and people across the region.The corridor aims to establish energy pipelines and projects to alleviate energy shortages, promote renewable energy sources, and enhance energy security in the region. This energy cooperation is crucial for sustaining economic growth and development, as well as addressing the energy demands of participating nations. CPEC has the potential to facilitate cultural and people-to-people exchanges between Central Asia, the Middle East, and China. Increased connectivity and improved transportation networks can lead to enhanced tourism, educational exchanges, and cultural understanding, fostering closer ties among the nations involved. CPEC has the potential to serve as a catalyst for regional connectivity, economic growth, and closer ties between Central Asia, the Middle East, and China. By addressing the challenges and leveraging the opportunities presented by CPEC, participating countries can strengthen bonds, promote peace and stability, and unlock the full potential of the region's resources and human capital.
THE ASTOUNDING CONSISTENCY OF THE CALCULATION METHOD FOR THE CIRCUMFERENCE BETWEEN ANCIENT EGYPT AND ANCIENT CHINA
The value of π was 3, which had been well documented in ancient classics and archaeological discoveries, including the Old Testament, ancient Egypt archaeology and ancient Chinese mathematical literature. The majority argues that this can be attributed to undeveloped, imprecise ancient mathematics, while the impeccable pyramids, withstanding 4 millennia, and the Dujiangyan, the large-scale project for irrigation and flood control, constructed around 256BC, still in use today, indicate that ancient mathematics thousands of years ago, was able to achieve accurate calculation. Nevertheless, this raises several questions, how to achieve accurate calculation when the value of π is 3? Is it possible that there is a huge difference between the ancient method of calculation and the method used in contemporary times? Based on extensive exploration of the Chinese mathematical classic Zhoubi Suanjing, multiplication table, and ancient Egyptian multiplication discovered in ancient Egypt archaeology, researchers have found the precise calculation method for computing the circumference of circles as π equals 3. Firstly, calculating the main value of the circumference when π was 3, then computing the difference value of the circumference by the multiples "7, 8 and 9" and the accurate value of circumference of circles obtained with the combinations of the main value and the D value, which exhibits a high degree of precision that is no less than that of our current mathematical methodologies. This discovery, promoting more a profound understanding level of human civilization, not only fundamentally, originally facilitates the studies of ancient and modern mathematics but also serves as mathematical grounds for multiple fields research, including archaeology, history and theology.
THE ENIGMATIC POWER OF 142857 IN THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS
Ever since the enigmatic number 142857 was unearthed within the archaeological context of the ancient Egyptian pyramids, it has captivated the attention of mathematicians and scientists worldwide. Numerous studies have been conducted in an attempt to establish a direct or indirect connection between this number and the pyramids, yet no conclusive research findings have emerged thus far. Nevertheless, based on the continuous research of ancient civilizations, characters, and masterpieces, the calculation method of the line segment and the relationship between polygons and numbers are discovered in the exploration of polygons, right triangles, multiplication tables, and the mathematical constant π. These discoveries have unveiled a fascinating string of numbers that can potentially reveal that ancient Egyptian pyramids were designed and constructed using the mathematical approach rooted in the application of isosceles right triangles, with "5" and "7" as representative values, rather than simply representing the cyclic meaning. Furthermore, they have illuminated the profound wisdom possessed by the ancient Egyptians, affirming that the pyramids stand as a testament to the advanced development of ancient mathematics. This discovery not only represents a cognitive advancement in the study of ancient Egyptian archaeology and history but also holds immense importance in the broader realm of ancient mathematics and its impact on the development of modern mathematics.
BLENDING MAGIC AND REALITY IN BORGES’S THE IMMORTAL: AN ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVE
The paper aims to probe the application of magical realism in The Immortal a compelling short story by the celebrated Argentine author, Jorge Luis Borges. The essence of magical realism is explored as a literary genre, identifying its major tenets and discussing its implications in the narrative structure of the short story. The study uses the theoretical model presented by Faris (2004) to analyze five tenets – upsetting the received ideas about identity, space and time, the description of real world, irreducible element, merging realism and upsetting doubts – of magical realism. It is described how Borges deftly mingles the fantastical elements of immortality and an understudying transforming city into apparent ordinary world of The Immortal. The narrative structure of the short story moves ahead to probe into the complex web of themes of identity, mortality and the fluidity of time. In an engaging way, these themes are presented via the lens of magical realism. Furthermore, the study unveils how the author uses magical realism to question the understanding of the readers about reality. The study ends with suggestion that Borges’ utilization of magical realism expands beyond mere surreal representation while fostering a through interrogation of reality itself.
Lt. Col. (R) Dr. Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Shah
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TASK-BASED TEACHING IN IMPROVING LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY AMONG SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS
Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) works to improve students' ability to communicate in a second language. TBLT focuses on authentic communication and cultural relevance through the utilization of relevant exercises for language acquisition. This research examines the effects of TBLT on the proficiency, communication skills, and task authenticity of L2 students in comparison to more traditional approaches. The review is based on the work of scholars including Prabhu, Nunan, Long, and Krashen, who created foundational ideas such as task authenticity, learner-centeredness, and cooperation. Multiple studies are analyzed to determine how TBLT affects one's linguistic competence. Through metaphors, anaphors, and symbolism, TBLT is presented to students as a symphony of language, a garden where language flourishes, and a compass that leads to fluency. According to the results, TBLT benefits language learners by encouraging participation, independence, and cross-cultural awareness. Teachers should design authentic activities, promote interactive classrooms, encourage students to offer and receive feedback and rethink how language is evaluated. Ultimately, TBLT emerges as a transformative strategy that improves language learners' skills, self-assurance, and cross-cultural perspectives, influencing new, more fruitful paradigms in language instruction.
MUSIC EDUCATION IN LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: A CRITICAL REVIEW
Music education has been considered an essential broader discipline for centuries for educating the world on broader lessons and teaching with the help of rhythm and sounds. Music has been considered an important genre that represents emotions, feelings, and thoughts in a rhythm that can be considered well for the holistic development of children but has been ignored in the teaching and learning process. Music education has been an ignored subject to apply in education for healthy learning. The study has been designed to critically review the related literature to understand the role of music education holistic development of individuals, particularly language development. A comprehensive educational program that promotes students' holistic learning and development must include music instruction as a critical element for the cognitive learning of individuals. The paper uses secondary data for the analysis. In this regard, literature has been reviewed to understand the subject matter better. This paper gives detailed account advantages of music instruction, from social and cultural enrichment to the cognitive, linguistic, and emotional development of individuals. This study emphasises the value of including music education in the larger educational framework by examining numerous research studies and practical examples. The literature review suggests a dire need to implement music education for the holistic development of individuals in today's world.
OBJECTIFICATION AND MALTREATMENT OF FEMALES DURING THE PARTITION ERA IN CRACKING INDIA (1988) BY BAPSI SIDHWA
The most shocking incident in the history of the Indian jetty was that the country was divided into two separate nations (i.e. India and Pakistan) at the end of the colonial era. Human rights were badly violated by the fanatics and their heinous acts of sectarianism. Although women were hardly given any opportunity to be part of freedom fighting, they became the worst victims of partition fierceness. Bapsi Sidhwa’s Cracking India which is one of the most remarkable works based on the Indian partition provides us with a sincere representation of the terrible impact of it on people of the subcontinent especially on the women. It gives a pictorial account of exploitation, male gaze, eve teasing, lust, rape, murder, abduction, and specifically assault on the private parts of the women, and amputation of their breasts which happened to be very common during the time of partition. Here, the character Ayah is an analogous figure representing the nation as a woman or a mother. The molestation of Ayah’s body and the depiction of other minor female characters can be equated with the molestation (partition) of India. This present paper will foreground the dimensions of gender relations to victimize and oppress women. It will take up a feminist approach to show oppression and exploitation against women as portrayed in the novel to drive home the conclusion and will suggest possible ways for the emancipation of women.
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN GHUNYAT-UL-QARI SHARAH SAHIH-UL-BUKHARI AND KASHF-UL-BARIIN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE TITLES OF THEIR BOOKS
Sahih Ul-Bukhari has the highest position and status in the books of hadiths, due to this importance, a large number of scholars paid attention to its interpretation, one of them is Maulana Abdul Khaliq Bajuri who wrote a book called "Ghunyat Ul-Qari Sharh Sahih Ul-Bukhari". In this Commentary, he has collected a lot of information which is the best guide for students of hadiths. In this article, Maulana Abdul Khaliq Bajuri's manner and style in interpreting the titles of books in the fifteenth volume of the said commentary has been discussed. This manual consists of seven points which include lexical research, terminological research, explanation of various terminological meanings, interpretation with poems and answers to objections.
ROLE OF SMART TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE-PAVING THE WAY FOR SMART FACTORY BUILDING IN KARACHI
The concept of "smart buildings" is used to improve efficiency in the interior and exterior of a building, and it helps in providing services to the user according to the space requirement. The goal of this study is to propose a strategy for energy-efficient smart industrial buildings in Karachi that takes into account the building envelope, low energy for cooling, and appropriate electrical appliances. The study was conducted in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, because of its status as a "hub of industrial activities." Mixed research methods, both quantitative and qualitative, have been used to gather and analyze data, evaluate outcomes, and draw conclusions. A physical questionnaire survey was used to obtain the data. A detailed survey of the two existing factories and an analysis of the architectural planning of one factory building were carried out. In addition, Autodesk Revit was used for simulating the data and analyze the use of energy efficiently with operative temperature for thermal comfort. Findings from surveys and interviews indicated that the lack of efficient indoor environmental quality, lack of natural ventilation, inappropriate use of materials, and insufficient space planning resulted not only in suffocation and chronic illness in enclosed spaces like packaging and production areas but also increased energy consumption. Concluding, factory space is not a space designed for machines, but human needs and comfort should be considered in designing a factory. Smart building is a new norm that is being adopted for many building types around the globe, and results of simulation indicated that smart building guarantees minimum use of energy for cooling and maintaining a comfortable indoor environment for the user.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE UNIQUE STONE TOILET TRAYS: INDO-SCYTHIAN PERIOD SIRKAP, TAXILA
This research paper examines the significance of the Indo-Scythian period toilet trays from Sirkap, Taxila, and sheds light on their cultural, religious, social, and technological implications in Gandhara. The study explores the historical context and the archaeological evidence surrounding these artifacts, providing a comprehensive analysis of their shapes, design, materials, and purpose. Additionally, it seeks to understand the intercultural exchange and influences that shaped the development of these artifacts.The Indo-Scythian period, marked by cultural and artistic integration, holds significant historical importance in Gandhara and the Indian subcontinent. Among the archaeological finds from this era, the discovery of toilet trays in the ancient city of Sirkap, Taxila, stands out as a unique and fascinating aspect of routine life during that time. The research draws on the combinationof archaeological data, scholarly sources, and comparative studies to present a complete picture of the significance of the Indo-Scythian toilet trays. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of daily life, technical achievements, and cultural interactions during this historically rich period in the region.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF ANWAR SAJJAD'SNOVEL "KHUSHION KA BAGH"
Anwar Sajjad has derived the content of the novel "Khushion ka Bagh" from his own life and a period of political upheaval in Pakistan. This history provides a backdrop to this novel. But this novel is also an expression of universal truths which are disappearing from the society. And the whole society is on the verge of a deep chaos. Anwar Sajjad is a medical doctor by profession, so he presents the facts of the ground realities with full enthusiasm . He is also a painter and TVartist. His influence is seen everywhere in his novel.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF QAZI FAZLULLAH'S METHODOLOGY IN JURISPRUDENTIAL ISSUES OF “ḤUSN AT-TAʾWĪLFĪ AT-TAFSĪRWA AT-TANZĪL”
Tafṣīr has a great place in the Islamic sciences. And in every era, it has been the focus of the religious scholars of the Ummah, the Commentries ofQurʾān has been written with different Styles (“asaalib”) and Mehodologies (“Manahij”), In which there is a commentary on a fiqh style that the fiqh issues are discussed in detail under the verses of the commandments (Ayaat-ul-Ahkaam). There is an exegetical manuscript written in the same style, which is in the hands of the renowned scholar of Pakistan, Qazi Fazlullah Advocate. Qazi Fazlullah has explained the jurisprudential (Fiqhī) issues and the differing opinions of the jurists (Fuqaḥāʾ) in detail. In this article the style and methodology of Qazi Fazlullah in the statement of jurisprudence is explained in detail.
DECODING CONFESSIONAL POETRY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SELECTED POEMS OF SYLVIA PLATH AND KAMALA DAS
The twentieth century was marked by a significant increase in creative expression in literature, particularly in the voices of marginalized communities through various literary forms. Female authors have played a major role in portraying the challenges and difficulties they have faced throughout their existence with remarkable prominence. One of the emerging avenues for expressing suppressed emotions was confessional poetry, characterized by intimate themes, first-person narratives, an autobiographical tone, and skilled craftsmanship. The present research aims to examine selected confessional poems of two highly acclaimed poets, Sylvia Plath from America and Kamala Das from India, who share a common narrative conveyed through their confessional verses. The poems extensively explore themes of subjugation, mental anguish, and the spirit of rebellion against prevailing dominations. The paper is divided into four distinctive sections, which include an introductory overview of the selected poets, a comprehensive scrutiny of confessional poems, an application of the analysis to the chosen poems, and a conclusive summary. An observation made throughout this study is the prevalent exploitation of women in both Western and Eastern societies. Sylvia Plath's "Daddy" reveals her fraught relationship with her father, while Kamala Das' "Sunshine Cat" delves into her sense of suffocation in a male-dominated society.
ECHOES FROM THE DUST: REVIVINGTHE NEGLECTED HERITAGE OF DISTRICT DIR LOWER KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
Within the realm of heritage, a multitude of aspects come to light. Among these, Archaeological sites emerge as distinct repositories of cultural and historical importance, serving as windows into the fascinating stories of past societies and civilizations. Archaeologists and stakeholders globally embark on endeavors to excavate, study, and preserve these invaluable sites, aiming to enrich our understanding of the past and safeguard cultural heritage for posterity. Among this global pursuit, the region of District Dir Lower emerges as a unique cradle of historical heritage, hidden in mysterious whispers from centuries past, nestled within the majestic landscape of Pakistan, District Dir Lower stands as a testament to the passage of time, encompassing a diverse and rich history spanning prehistoric, protohistoric, and historic periods. A nexus of the renowned Gandhara Civilization, this region holds traces of Alexander the Great historical conquests, ancient Buddhist and Hindu relics, bearing witness to a fascinating tapestry of history. Despite its illustrious past, District Dir Lower faces the poignant reality of neglect, obscuring its priceless archaeological legacy. This paper embarks on exploration of neglected archaeological treasures, seeking to unveil the factors behind their neglect. Through interviews and observations, this paper unravels the challenges these sites face including lack of funding, limited awareness, and bureaucratic hurdles. This research echoes a call to action, urging collaboration to revive these forgotten echoes of time and safeguard our cultural heritage.
RETROSTERNAL GOITER AND SURGICAL APPROACHES- PESHAWAR EXPERIENCE OF 144 CASES
Background: A typical reason for the compression of nearby structures, retrosternal goitre may also include malignancy. Compression of nearby structures, avoiding future consequences, and getting a diagnosis is only a few of the precise reasons why resection is necessary. Objective: To observe the various clinical presentations of retrosternal goiter and evaluate their management and outcome. Methodology: Retrospective analysis was done on the clinical records of 144 patients with retrosternal goitre who had surgical treatment during a 12-year period (2002-2014). To analyse the clinical presentation, surgical procedures, histology of specimens, and surgical result, records were thoroughly examined. Results: Dyspnea was the most frequent presenting symptom (39.6%), and complete thyroidectomy was the surgical method of choice. In 90.97% of the instances, the RSGs were only removed via a collar incision. 26.38% of the thyroid specimens had malignancy identified by histology. Ten individuals had difficulties, and there were two fatalities. Conclusion: Retrosternal goiters can be delivered through the cervical approach, but where delivery is difficult it can be aided by a mediastinotomy thereby avoiding splitting the sternum.
NORMALIZING TARNISHED BODIES: A MAXIST ANALYSIS OF ARUNDHATI ROY’S THE MINISTRY OF UTMOST HAPPINESS
The present research study is an effort to explore the issues of class struggle and survival of the individuals who are considered outcast, belonging to transgender community, an untouchable class; and occupied states in India, with reference to Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness (Roy, 2017) under the framework of Marxist theory (Rummel, 1977). The context of ‘class struggle’, ‘Base and Superstructure’ by Karl Marx is the fundamental approach which has been utilized to observe and analyze the text. The study of the novel highlights how these individuals living with physical and mental traumas struggle against the capitalistic society to normalize themselves in an intolerant socio-economic and political atmosphere; and what obstructions they face to behave as normal people around them. The Marxist approach in the text reflects how the class difference and domination of bourgeois controls different threads of the various marginalized and underprivileged communities in terms of their existence in the society where an eruption of communal violence is a power-show game in politics to propagate all the false ideologies in the name of religion and nationalism. The aim of this research is to find out how far less-privileged and tarnished individuals, and freedom seekers are able to recover and feel normalized in an established capitalized society on the social, political and ideological basis.
A SHARĪʿAH REVIEW OF THE DECREES OF WALĪֿ SWAT RELATED TO "MORTGAGE" AS MENTIONED IN THE BOOK OF “RIWAJ NAMĀ SWAT”
The rule of Mian Gul Abdul Wadood Bacha Sahib in Swat began in 1917. After Mian Gul Abdul Wadood Bacha Sahib got the government, he adopted Jirga System[i]. According to this system, the Jirga was responsible for making laws for the area that would have been included in the state of Swat either by choice or force. The laws made by Jirga members for their area were written down and signatures or thumb marks of Jirga members were recorded on them. These were called the "manuals" (Dastoor-ul- Amal). In future, all the decisions related to any matter or crime was carried out through these manuals. Hence, it was the Jirga that used to formulate laws for their areas. However, prevailing local customs and traditions would also be taken into consideration for making any law. Therefore, these laws were not uniform throughout the state, rather regional color prevailed. When Bacha Sahib's hold on the government was strengthened, he started issuing orders on his own and instructed the respective Jirgas to make them part of their own manual. When Bacha Sahib transferred the government to his son Mian Gul Abdul Haq Jahanzeb Wali Swat, like his father, he also issued written orders that were kept on record, in order to be practiced accordingly. The state of Swat was integrated into Pakistan as a district in 1969. The government of that time directed the Jirgas to settle disputes according to the local customs. So for the guidance of Jirgas, Ghulam Habib Khan compiled these laws in the book form, which was published with the name of "Riwaj Namā Swat ". This article examines the Shariah status of decrees related to "Mortgage" in "Riwaj Namā Swat, which are eleven decrees in total, starting from Decree No. 238 to Decree No. 248.
RUSSIAN AGGRESSION IN UKRAINE: A RENEWED CHALLENGE TO US PIVOT IN THE REGION
This study delves into the multifaceted issue of Russian aggression in Ukraine and its implications for the United States' strategic pivot in the region. The objective of this study is to analyze the evolving dynamics of the conflict and their impact on the US pivot strategy. The background highlights the historical context of Russia-Ukraine relations and the broader geopolitical significance of the region. Methodology involves a comprehensive review of scholarly literature, geopolitical analyses, and recent developments. It also incorporates an examination of diplomatic efforts, military actions, and regional responses. Results indicate that Russian aggression has posed a renewed challenge to the US pivot strategy, altering the balance of power and destabilizing regional security. The study recommends a nuanced approach, emphasizing diplomatic engagement, coordinated international response, and bolstering the security of Ukraine and neighboring nations. Addressing this challenge requires a delicate balance between deterring Russian expansionism and promoting stability in the region while safeguarding broader global interests.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TEACHINGS RELATED TO SEXUAL ADDICTION IN CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
Sexual addiction is not only a moral disease, but it has become a tragedy of the 21st century. Every day, incidents of sexual abuses are coming to the fore in the media, but the biggest tragedy is that there is no solution to curb this disastrous evil from the society. The negative role of social media cannot be ignored in this regard, has created a turbulent wave of individual freedom that which in progress with time. Unlawful Sexual practice and immorality has become part of routine life. After its disastrous results and effects on the western society, the Muslim society has also been completely engulfed by it. Due to unrestrained freedom, the weak family system fostered celibate life, celibacy gave birth to mental diseases. As a result, suicide and divorce rates have risen alarmingly. No strategy seems to be able to stop this moral storm except to revive and practice the moral values of selected religions. This is the only way to save the humanity. Before going toward any solution, there is a question arise that, has there any exemplar/precedence in the raveled religions regarding ethics and moral values or not, and if so, how effective they are? If someone have a look the Qur'an and Sunnah, He will see that about one-third of the Qur'an and sunnah consists of moral ethics and a lot of precedence regarding moral values based on physical, moral, and spiritual purity. Likewise, the study of the Holy Bible also proves that the distorted Torah and the Gospel are still related to ethics. There are reasonable teachings related to sexuality that cannot be overlooked…
CRITIQUE ON ARABIC LITERATURE IN THE PRE-ISLAMIC ERA
This article presents a comprehensive critique of Arabic literature in the Pre-Islamic Era, known as "Jahiliyyah" (الجاهلية). This term was originally associated with ignorance in the sense of idiocy and pessimism. The article delves into the various features of literary criticism during this era, including levels of criticism and the titles of notable poets. In the Pre-Islamic Era, poets were recognized by different titles reflecting their mastery of poetry and emotive expression. Critics played a significant role during this period, attracting poets seeking their judgment. Critics often expressed favoritism towards certain poems, poets, tribes, or the entire Arab community, and this preference influenced their critical judgments. The most famous critical judgments were directed at the "Mu'allaqat" (المعلقات), exceptional poems hung proudly on the Kaaba walls. Pre-Islamic criticism lacked fixed and written rules, relying on the critic's literary instinct and taste. It encompassed linguistic, moral, and thematic criticism. The article explores the concept of "ijazah", where one poet completes the verse of another in a seamless manner, showcasing the depth of understanding and linguistic sensitivity of the second poet. The article sheds light on the significance of literary criticism during the Pre-Islamic Era, its role in refining poetry, and the emergence of poets as skilled critics, contributing to the development of Arabic literature.
MEASURING THE FACTORS OF LIMITED PARTICIPATION OF YOUTH IN POLITICS OF PUNJAB (PAKISTAN)
This research provides an overlook at political participation behavior of youth in Punjab Province of Pakistan. This paper consists of different factors that cause low youth participation in politics. The affecting factors on voting behavior and political participation include lack of interest, public issues, economic factors, senior politicians, family influence, regional affiliations and corruption of leaders. This literature is examined through the lens of seven guiding questions. Quantitative approach is used to conduct this study so a questionnaire was framed to accumulate data from more than 4200 respondents. The qualitative approach included close group discussion and interview which was conducted from university level students. This research will provide well-informed reflection of thinking of youth about low participation of youth in politics. This study portrayed the facts that age, family income, political affiliation, and other factors affected voting in national and local elections. The results viewed that participation of youth in politics is an important factor and now youth has acquired wisdom for the said purpose.
OUTCOMES OF MALADAPTIVE PERFECTIONISM AMONG STUDENTS, ROLE OF COPING STYLES
The relationship between maladaptive perfectionism, academic distress, and anxiety among students is a complex one with significant implications for their well-being and academic performance. The main objective of present study aims to examine outcomes of maladaptive perfectionism; moderating role of coping styles. The correlational study was carried out on 350 students by using convenient sampling method. Scales containing questions about participants’ background information, maladaptive perfectionism scale (Sired, 1998), academic stress scale (ASS; Kohn & Frazer, 1986), brief resilience scale (Smith et al., 2008), brief - coping orientation to problems experienced inventory (Carver, 1997) and beck anxiety inventory (Beck et al., 1988) were used. Correlation analysis, linear regression analysis and moderation analysis were analyzed using SPSS 22V. Results revealed strongly significant positive correlation of variables with each other. Maladaptive perfectionism was found significant predictor of academic distress and anxiety. Findings also revealed that coping styles has moderating role between maladaptive perfectionism and academic distress while coping style has no moderating role between maladaptive perfectionism and anxiety. This research highlights the significance of damages due to maladaptive perfectionism on the mental health of students and promoting coping style as a coping factor among students.
SECURITY CHALLENGES OF SOUTH ASIA: A BRIEF ANALYSIS
South Asia is a home to significant portion of global population with a rich history of heritage while having a crucial role in global trade and economy. However, its geo-political significance cannot be overlooked. Despite those potentials, south Asia faces a range of security challenges, including terrorism, border disputes, political instability, and regional rivalries. These challenges have implications not only for the internal security of the countries in the region but also for global security dynamics. Therefore, this study aims to explore the main security challenges faced by South Asian region. For this purpose, the researcher conducted a comprehensive literature review of secondary sources as research articles, reviews, and books.
HYBRID WARFARE AND PAKISTAN: IMPLICATIONS AND RESPONSE STRATEGY
Hybrid warfare refers to the use of a combination of conventional and unconventional tactics, such as cyber-attacks, information warfare, proxy warfare to achieve strategic objectives. It involves a blend of military, political, economic, and informational means to destabilize and weaken an adversary. In this context, Pakistan is facing the threat of hybrid war. In order to understand the fifth generation warfare trends and implications for Pakistan, qualitative research design was employed. Particularly, this research aims to understand the strategies employed and their impact. Additionally, it explores India’s defense strategies and technological advancements to gain insights into their approach to hybrid warfare. By employing this multi-faceted research methodology, the study aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of hybrid warfare between India and Pakistan. However, the study found that the all generations of warfare are focusing on two major areas i.e. targeting certain type of ideology and developing modern technology and warfare equipment's. Furthermore, the study concluded that Pakistan is currently facing higher level of fifth generation warfare from India mainly in four major domains i.e. conventional war, diplomatic challenges, misinformation and economic suppression. The findings of the current study are of prime importance for framing a constructive policy to counter the fifth generation warfare threats.
FACTORS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT FRAUD IN NON-FINANCIAL COMPANIES (EMPIRICAL STUDY ON NON-FINANCIAL COMPANIES LISTED IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE 2016-2019)
This study aims to examine the effect of earnings management and risk management on financial statement fraud. The independent variables tested in this study consisted of earnings management, liquidity, profitability, and solvency. Furthermore, there are exchange rates and economic growth as control variables. The population of this study is the non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2019. The total samples used are 331 companies by using the purposive sampling technique. The analytical methods used are panel data analysis, descriptive statistics, classical assumption test, model fit-test, and regression test using STATA 14. The results indicate that variables in this study simultaneously affect financial statement fraud. Partially, earnings management, profitability, and exchange rates have a positive and significant effect on financial statement fraud. Meanwhile, solvency has a positive effect on financial statement fraud but it is not significant.
MARKET UNDERSTANDING ANALYSIS OF GREEN BUILDING IN INDONESIA
Eco-Friendly Buildings continue to be a global priority due to the issue of global warming. GBCI is a non-profit organization in Indonesia that assesses environmentally friendly buildings through GREENSHIP which includes six types of certifications : New Buildings, Existing Buildings, Interior Spaces, Homes, Environment, and Healthy Net Zero. This research aims to analyze the understanding of the green building market in Indonesia involving companies and end users. The methodology used is through in-depth interviews and primary surveys to obtain qualitative and quantitative data. Companies (Developers/Contractors) have quite high interest in the Green Building concept when compared to End Users. End Users are more likely to consider three main factors such as price, facilities and location when choosing an eco-friendly property.
STP MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS (SEGMENTING, TARGETING, AND POSITIONING) AND BUSINESS MODEL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORTAR COMPANY BUSINESS UNITS (CASE STUDY AT PT. XY)
This research aims to establish STP (Segmenting, Targeting and Positioning) marketing strategies in marketing AAC Panel products. This research is qualitative research with descriptive methods. The subject in this study is PT XY which is engaged in mortar companies and the object of research is the STP marketing strategy (Segmentiing, Targetiing and Positioning) and business model for this business. From the analysis that has been carried out, researchers concluded that the segmenting strategy carried out by PT XY is based on geographic and demographic segmentation. The geographical segmentation of the intended sector is the sector, especially the western region of Java, while the demographic segmentation is a large contractor for high rise building types. For Targeting PT XY companies are mainly large contractors and industry experts. The positioning carried out by PT XY is by applying the production of modern and latest technology, namely flat-cake (horizontal cutting). Implementation of business model by joining venture at PT XY by considering the company's internal conditions.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF COLLABORATION AND PRODUCT INNOVATION ON BUSINESS PERFORMANCE THROUGH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON MSMES IN DKI JAKARTA
This research is about the implementation of collaboration between the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government and Micro Enterprises, Small Businesses, and Cooperatives in order to succeed the National Movement of Pride in Made in Indonesia in the Implementation of Government Procurement of Goods/Services. This is because the use of domestic products in the government sector is still very low so that economic growth is not significant from year to year. Through DKI Jakarta Governor Instruction Number 48 of 2020 which was replaced by Governor Instruction Number 29 of 2021 concerning Direct Procurement Transactions with Micro and/or Small Businesses through the e-Order System, explained that the Head of BPPBJ provides an integrated system that facilitates transactions through the e-Order system, and urges Budget Users/Power of SKPD Budget Users/SKPD Units to directly procure meal activities and minimize meetings through the e-Order system. This application system is an innovative breakthrough from BPPBJ DKI Jakarta, as a forum to bridge the activities of purchasing MSME products (as providers) with DKI Jakarta Provincial Government institutions (SKPD) and make payments to micro and/or small businesses no more than 3 (three) working days, and the Commitment Making Officials (PPK) make procurement documents in the form of Terms of Reference (KAK), Self-Estimated prices (HPS) and specifications of goods/services through Micro and/or Small Business actors registered in the e-Order system, as well as receiving the work of Micro and/or Small Business providers.
ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A PERFORMANCE-BASED REMUNERATION SYSTEM AND THE USE OF E-GOVERNMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE
Performance management or what is usually called by performance management in organizations, both profit organizations and non-profit organizations such as government organizations, is a tool that is expected to be used to improve performance achievements, both organizational performance and employee performance. This performance management is carried out by the government in various ways, including by implementing a performance-based remuneration system and using e-government. This research aims to Analysis of the influence of performance management through the implementation of a performance-based remuneration system and the use of e-government on employee performance. This research method is descriptive qualitative. The target population consists of more than 800 civil servants and the sample size is 300 civil servants of the South Jakarta Administrative City Government. Researchers used a structured questionnaire for data collection, and for the data analysis process researchers used statistical package for social science (SPSS). Average and standard deviation are used to describe observation results. The principles of correlation and regression analysis are followed to analyze the relationship between variables.
PENGARUH KESETARAAN GENDER DAN BUDAYA ORGANISASI TERHADAP KUALITAS KERJA DENGAN DUKUNGAN ORGANISASI SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI DIKEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DANKEHUTANAN
Dalam upaya meningkatkan keadilan dan kesetaraan gender, Pemerintah Indonesia telah mensosialisasikan kesetaran gender pada seluruh jajaran kementerian dan Lembaga hingga ke perusahaan yang berada dibawah pengawasan mereka.Usaha ini cukup efektif dan telah memmberikan hasil yang signifikan dilihat dari perkembangan kesetaraan perempuan dan laki-laki untuk mendapat peluang dan kesamaan penerimaan dalam pekerjaan ataupun pengakuan dalam tatanan masyarakat. Dalam konteks permasalah ini, kesetaraan gender yang diangkat terkait dengan upaya peningkatan kinerja perempuan dengan keterbatasan secara fisik, yaitu fitrah sebagai wanita dalam hal masa nifas, masa kehamilan dan masa menyusui agar tetap optimal dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan, meniti karir dan kesempatan untuk menduduki jabatan struktural.Dalam hal ini memang perlu adanya campur tangan Pemerintah dalam bentuk kebijakan pada kementerian, sehingga keberhasilan perempuan mencapai target yang diharapkan dapat membuka peluang untuk bersaing pada peningkatan karir. Kesempatan dan fasilitas yang memadai pada kementerian tentunya akan mendorong terbentuknya budaya kerja berkesinambungan yang seimbang dan maksimal secara gender sehingga prinsip keadilan dapat tercapai. Penelitianinimenggunakanmetodekuantitatifmelaluipemberiankuesionerkepada para pejabatperempuanuntukmendapatkan data primer dari lapangan. Selain itu didukung pula dengan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari berbagai teori yang ada dan didukung data dari dokumen – dokumen yang diterbitkan kementerian sebagai laporan pelaksanaan kerja, terutama pada Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses formulasi kebijakan KLHK sangat responsive terhadap prinsip – prinsip pengarusutamaan gender dan diterima sebagai tantangan positive untuk peningkatan optimalisasi kerja. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penelitian ini telah menunjukkan formulasi kebijakan kementerian (KLHK) telah sangat baik terstruktur melaksanakan program pengarusutamaan gender yang telah diamanatkan pada Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang dan Menengah Nasional secara berkesinambungan dan berkeadilan. Rumusan kebijakan tersebut mencakup perumusan masalah, agenda kebijakan, adopsi kebijakan, penetapan dan implementasi kebijakan yang responsive gender dengan menggunakan 4 elemen analisis: Gender Analysis Pathway, yaitu Akses, Manfaat, Partisipasi dan Kontrol
THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ATISH’S GHAZAL ‘HAWA-E-DOR-E-MAE KHUSH GAWAR RAH ME HA’
The present study aimed to analyse Khawaja Haider Ali Aatish’s Ghazal ‘Hawa-e-Dor-e-Mai Khushgwar Reh Mai Ha’ to extract Islamic themes by using the thematic analysis method proposed by Clarke and Braun. Thematic analysis is a widely used, yet often misunderstood, method of qualitative data analysis. A close study was done to extract the themes from the ghazal, understudy. Clarke and Braun proposed a six-stepped method to reveal from the texts. An in-depth examination of the verse of ghazal above revealed that Aatish conforms to Allah Almighty’s directives to man intimidating that he should make friends with Allah and seek His help and direction through the verses of the Holy Qur'an and Muhammad's (PBUH)Teachings. Allah never leaves Man in a time of trouble. The direct communion of man with Allah leads to Eternal Success.
CALLIGRAPHY, AESTHETICS AND CULTURAL IDENTITY: QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION OF CHRISTIAN AND MUSLIM ILLUSTRATED MANUSCRIPTS
The study delves into calligraphic illustrated manuscripts with a focus on both Western and Eastern cultures during medieval times exploring the evolution and creative potential of calligraphy as an ornamentation form across different regions and historical periods. This qualitative research primarily examines calligraphic manuscripts from Arabic to the Abbasid, and Omayyad, addressing key questions regarding the development of illumination art and calligraphy, connections between Christian and Muslim manuscripts, and the distinctions between Islamic Calligraphy and biblical typography. The data was collected by employing the qualitative method through conducting 4 in-depth interviews, with 2 traditional and 2 contemporary calligraphers, and 15 online open-ended questionnaires with the calligraphers. Also, Christian and Muslim illustrated manuscripts were analyzed through the discourse analysis method. This research findings shed light on the complex relationship between calligraphy, culture, and aesthetics, offering a comprehensive exploration of this intricate art form's significance and evolution. The study contributes valuable insights to the literature on calligraphy manuscripts, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of calligraphy's history and conceptual ties as an aesthetic art form.
SCHOOL CULTURE AND STUDENTS’ SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A CORRELATIONAL STUDY OF PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN PUNJAB
Culture has great importance in developing and progressing society and it has a major contribution to developing persons, their individual as well as their social life. This quantitative simple descriptive study examined teachers' perceptions of the school culture and students' social behavior at secondary schools in Punjab, Pakistan. In this quantitative research, a sample of 270 secondary school teachers from three districts (Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Multan) was drawn using a multi-stage random sampling technique. School Culture Survey (SCS) and Social Behavior Inventory (SBI) questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by calculating mean, percentage, and Pearson Correlation r. Results of the study revealed that school culture and students’ social behavior have a medium relationship at the secondary level in Punjab, Pakistan. A significant difference was found between males and females in students’ social behavior. The study recommended that school leadership is the basic source of developing positive school culture.
THE EFFECTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON EMPLOYEES’ WORKPLACE BEHAVIOR IN BANKING SECTOR
In current research stream, empirical work regarding emotional intelligence and workplace behaviors is sparse. This study partially filled this void by examining the relationship between emotional intelligence with workplace behaviors (i.e. turnover intention, job performance, and organizational citizenship behavior) with the mediating role of political skills. Quantitative research method was used to collect data from 354 participants belonging to the banking sector of Pakistan. Using SPSS v 21, the results showed that emotional intelligence was positively related to job performance and organizational citizenship behavior and negatively related to turnover intention. Furthermore, political skill acted as mediator in all of the three hypothesized relationships. The findings of this study are vital for organizations. From managerial perspective, the importance of emotional intelligence training is highlighted which is approved as a powerful tool that managers can deploy to enhance individual’s job performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and reduce turnover intention. On theoretical part, this research broadens the scope through which emotional intelligence contributes to the output of organizations and the way it affects the attitude and perceptions of employees. In last, implications for policy makers along with future research directions are discussed.
PALESTINE-ISRAEL CONFLICT AND THE ROLE OF OIC FOR ITS SETTLEMENT
The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has been actively involved in the settlement of the Palestinian issue since its inception in 1969. The OIC, with a membership of 57 Muslim-majority countries, has been a strong advocate for the rights of the Palestinian people and their struggle for self-determination. Through its various initiatives and resolutions, the OIC has played a crucial role in bringing attention to the Palestinian cause on a global scale and in promoting a just and lasting solution to the conflict. Therefore, Qualitative analysis was produced with the help of reports published by the famous Journals. This convenient approach helped to generate comprehensive analysis The results of the study evaluate that one of the key roles of the OIC in the Palestinian issue has been its diplomatic efforts. The organization has consistently called for the recognition of the State of Palestine and the establishment of an independent and sovereign Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital. The OIC has also supported the Palestinian Authority in its efforts to achieve recognition as a state in international organizations. Furthermore, the OIC has been actively involved in mediating peace talks between Israel and Palestine, and has called for the implementation of relevant United Nations resolutions, including the withdrawal of Israeli forces from occupied Palestinian territories. The OIC has also worked towards promoting international solidarity with the Palestinian people through humanitarian assistance and development projects in Palestine. Through its various initiatives, the OIC has demonstrated its commitment to finding a just and peaceful resolution to the Palestinian issue and has played a crucial role in keeping the issue in the spotlight of the international community.
BOUND BY LAW: EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY OF PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIOLOGY IN HUMAN ATTACHMENT TO LEGAL SYSTEMS
ABSTRAT This paper explores the intricate relationship between human attachment to the law and the philosophical and sociological dimensions that underlie this complex phenomenon. Drawing from both philosophical theories and sociological perspectives, the study aims to unravel the intricacies of why individuals feel a deep-seated connection to legal frameworks, norms, and systems.From a philosophical standpoint, the paper delves into the foundational theories that have sought to explain the origin and nature of human attachment to the law. Concepts such as natural law, positivism, and legal realism are examined to understand how individuals perceive the law as a moral and social construct. Furthermore, existentialist and deontological perspectives are explored to comprehend the existential and ethical dimensions of human adherence to legal principles. Sociologically, the paper investigates the role of the law in shaping societal norms, values, and behaviors. Analyzing the work of sociological theorists such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Erving Goffman, the study examines how legal systems serve as mechanisms for social order, regulation, and the maintenance of collective conscience. Additionally, symbolic interactionism is employed to scrutinize the symbolic meanings attached to legal institutions and their impact on human behavior within societal contexts.The paper also considers the interplay between individual agency and societal structures in shaping human attachment to the law. Through case studies and empirical evidence, it explores how cultural, economic, and political factors influence individuals' perceptions of the law and their level of compliance.
CONTENT ANALYSIS OF CAMPAIGN FINANCING IN ISLAMIC NATIONS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Political finance plays a crucial role in shaping the dynamics of political systems worldwide. This abstract focuses on the abstraction of the concept of political finance from the perspective of Islamic countries, employing a content analysis approach. The study seeks to understand the unique features and challenges of political finance in nations where Islamic principles and values significantly influence governance and political structures.The content analysis approach involves the examination of various sources, including legal documents, media reports, and academic literature, to discern patterns, trends, and perspectives related to political finance in Islamic countries. By analyzing the content, the research aims to provide insights into the regulatory frameworks, financial mechanisms, and cultural factors that shape political financing in these nations.Key areas of investigation include the compliance of political finance practices with Islamic financial principles such as Sharia, the role of religious institutions in funding political activities, and the impact of cultural norms on campaign financing. The study also delves into the transparency and accountability of political finance systems within Islamic countries, exploring how these aspects align with both global standards and local expectations.Furthermore, the research examines the potential influence of political finance on the democratic processes within Islamic countries. It seeks to identify any tensions between democratic principles and religious values, exploring how these tensions may manifest in the financing of political campaigns and activities.
ETHICAL IMPRINTS: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC VALUES IN STUDENT LITERARY EXPLORATIONS
This research aims to explore and analyze the manifestation of Islamic values in the personal reading logs of students. As literacy plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' perspectives and values, understanding how Islamic principles are reflected in students' reading habits provides valuable insights into the integration of faith and education.The study employs a qualitative research approach, utilizing personal reading logs as a primary data source. Participants include a diverse group of students from different educational levels, backgrounds, and regions. The research design involves the collection and analysis of personal reading logs over an extended period, capturing a comprehensive overview of the students' literary engagements.The analysis focuses on identifying instances where Islamic values such as compassion, justice, morality, and empathy emerge in the students' reflections on their reading experiences. The research also investigates the types of literature that resonate with Islamic principles and the impact of these readings on the students' worldview.Furthermore, the study considers external factors influencing the incorporation of Islamic values in reading choices, such as family influence, religious education, and societal context. By examining personal reading logs, the research aims to unveil the intricate relationship between Islamic values and the literary preferences of students, shedding light on how these values contribute to character development and ethical decision-making.
ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES AND WORKPLACE PERFORMANCE: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE CONTEXT OF PAKISTAN'S BANKING SECTOR
This study investigates the effects of Islamic human development policies on the productivity of employees within the context of the banking sector in Pakistan. Islamic human development policies encompass a range of principles and practices that aim to enhance the holistic well-being and professional growth of individuals while adhering to Islamic ethical standards. The banking sector in Pakistan, as a vital component of the economy, serves as an intriguing setting to examine the influence of such policies on employee productivity.The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of key performance indicators and qualitative insights gathered through interviews and surveys. Data will be collected from a representative sample of employees across various positions within Islamic banking institutions as well as conventional banks in Pakistan, providing a comparative perspective. The study focuses on parameters such as job satisfaction, career development opportunities, ethical work environment, and overall well-being to measure the impact of Islamic human development policies on employee productivity.The empirical evidence aims to shed light on the correlation between adherence to Islamic human development policies and enhanced productivity among banking sector employees. Furthermore, the study explores potential moderating factors and identifies best practices that contribute to a positive work environment, job satisfaction, and increased commitment to organizational goals. The findings are expected to offer valuable insights for both academia and industry practitioners, aiding in the formulation and refinement of human development policies within the Islamic banking sector.
INTERFAITH INSIGHTS: EXPLORING THE LEGITIMACY OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD'S (ﷺ) MISSION IN THE CHRISTIAN IDEOLOGY
This study delves into the perspectives of the esteemed Christian scholar Kenneth Cragg on the prophet hood of Muhammad (ﷺ), examining the authenticity of this pivotal aspect in Islamic belief. Cragg, renowned for his interfaith contributions, offers a unique viewpoint as a Christian scholar engaging with the foundational tenets of Islam. The abstract explores Cragg's nuanced analysis of the prophethood of Muhammad (ﷺ), assessing the theological intersections and divergences between Islam and Christianity.Kenneth Cragg's insights into the authenticity of Muhammad's (ﷺ) prophethood are examined through his writings and engagements with Islamic theology. Drawing upon his extensive knowledge of both Christian and Islamic traditions, Cragg's perspectives provide a valuable entry point for understanding the interfaith dialogue and the theological discourse surrounding the prophethood of Muhammad (ﷺ).The study delves into Cragg's reflections on the historical context of the Prophet's (ﷺ) life and mission, exploring how these aspects shape his assessment of the authenticity of Muhammad's (ﷺ) prophethood. Additionally, Cragg's views on the Quranic revelation, the character of the Prophet (ﷺ), and the impact of Islamic monotheism are analyzed in the context of his Christian theological framework.Furthermore, the abstract addresses the implications of Cragg's perspectives on interfaith understanding, exploring how his views contribute to fostering dialogue and mutual respect between the Islamic and Christian traditions. The study aims to illuminate the significance of Cragg's insights in promoting a deeper comprehension of the shared and distinctive aspects of religious beliefs, particularly regarding the prophet hood of Muhammad (ﷺ).
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF (DIS)INTEGRATING CULTURE AND ETHNICITY IN NAYOMI MUNWEERA’S ISLAND OF THOUSAND MIRRORS
The present study examines the factors contributing to the breakdown of ethnic and cultural identities among two groups, Tamils and Sinhala, in Nayomi Munweera’s novel Island of A Thousand Mirrors (2013). The work is authored by a Sri Lankan-American diasporic writer who portrays stories from both America and Sri Lanka, both impacted by civil conflict. After gaining independence, Sri Lanka was plunged into a civil conflict rooted in ethnic tensions between the Sinhalese and Tamil Tigers. The research aims to emphasize disillusionment, brutality, conflict, and various other disruptions in the novel that led to the breakdown of ethnicity. The research has utilized a qualitative approach and chosen close textual analysis as the method, which involves analyzing the text and offering justification using secondary resources. The research indicates that Munweera’s story portrays disillusionment through explicit depictions of killing, robbery, smuggling, looting, and rapping by both Tamils and Sinhala groups, leading to a breakdown of their ethical standing. The novel is replete with exploitation and pain, rooted in savagery. Sympathy is now absent even in language. After gaining independence from British rule, the Sri Lankan people faced a civil war that led to more disappointment. Disillusionment persists in their life even after the civil war ends, as they fear the possibility of terrorism resurfacing. Additionally, they had challenges when establishing themselves in Sri Lanka following the civil war, a common occurrence post-conflict. The research findings indicate that the topic of ethnicity is persistent and dynamic rather than static.
UNRAVELING THE NEXUS: EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY OF BUSINESS PERFORMANCE, LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS, FIRM STRATEGY, AND KNOWLEDGE SHARING BEHAVIOR
The main purpose of this research is to study the connections between business performance, leadership effectiveness, firm strategy, knowledge sharing behavior and firm performance. To elucidate these relations, statistical analyses were conducted on data gathered through 1-1 techniques of questionnaire. The study emphasizes the significance of knowledge sharing behavior and underscores bright impacts of mediator and independent variables on organizational outcomes. Furthermore, it identifies the positive influence of knowledge sharing behavior and leadership effectiveness on firm strategy, work performance and firm performance variables. The analysis employed IBM SPSS 23 and LISREL software, and the SPSS PROCESS V.3 add-in. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses, as well as reliability analyses, were conducted on Likert-type scale questions. Relationships between variables were explored using the correlation menu of the SPSS program's main menus, while the regression menu was utilized for hypotheses testing and ascertain the mediating variable effect of the PROCESS V.3 add-in. CFA was executed using the LISREL program.
JUNG’S ARCHETYPE: A PSYCHOANALYTICAL STUDY OF ELIF SHAFAK’S ISLAND OF MISSING TREES
The current reseach deals with the analysis of Island of Missing Trees through a psychoanalytical lens and Jung’s archetypes which highlights the complex interplay between the conscious and the unconscious, the individual and the collective, the past and the present, and the physical and the spiritual. The research is qualitative and the nature of research is analytical which focuses on the character of Socrates in particularly to employ the Jung’s theory. It is found through the character of Socrates, the novel embodies the tension between the desire for self-discovery and the duty to one’s community, and explores the transformative power of love, loss, and memory.Overall, “Island of Missing Trees” is a rich and multi-layered novel that offers insights into the human psyche, the cultural conflicts, and the environmental challenges of our time. The novel challenges us to reflect on our own relationship with the natural world, our sense of identity and belonging, and our capacity for compassion and resilience in the face of adversity.
THE TRAJECTORY OF WOMAN’S OBJECTIFICATION IN JAMIL AHMAD’S THE WANDERING FALCON
The purpose of this study is to explore the objectification of South Asian women in Jamil Ahmad’s novel The Wandering Falcon, particularly with reference to the manner in which women are objectified in South Asian culture after independence in day-to-day life. Moreover, the study outlines the ways in which South Asian women are suppressed in terms of their desires and needs, and it reveals the effects, suppressing the women. The research highlights the ways in which the socio-domestic advancement of South Asian women is impeded in the name of culture, society, and family where women have been oppressed and marginalized. This is accomplished by employing the theoretical paradigm of postcolonial feminism, with an exclusive focus on women objectification, which is supported by the theoretical assumptions of Nussbaum (1995) and Ashcroft et al. (1995). The objectification of women features into seven distinct characteristics, according to Nussbaum. These characteristics are instrumentality, denial of autonomy, inertness, fungibility, violability, ownership, and denial of subjectivity. These characteristics are reduction to body, reduction to appearance, and silencing. In conclusion, the research investigates the capacity of South Asian women to transform their adversities into opportunities within their own lives. That being the case, it is a representation of both their strengths and their faults. This research is a qualitative study that does not rely on empirical evidence. In the course of the investigation of the selected novel, the deductive method has been utilized, and textual analysis has been used as a research method, showing that women have been throughout marginalized and oppressed from the perspective of objectification.
REPRESENTATION OF THE ORIENT: A RE-ORIENTALIST STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE’S SELECTED FICTION
The research deals with the representation of African people in Achebe’s selected novel as majority of the countries were occupied by different powers mainly America, England and France. These countries make colonies of them there and also colonized the natives. This was the folded agenda of them to rob the lands politically, ethically, socially and economically. It’s after effects were also so much terrible that the natives become slaves of them. They start to consider the natives as inferior being. In the world of literature, natives were being portrayed in a wrong way of them and the colonizers as right. Many writers also resisted the concept through their writings including ChinuaAchebe, Maya Angelo, GayatriSpivak etc. this particular term paper discusses the concept of re-orientalism in two major works of Chinua Achebe that is “Things Fall Apart” and the lectures which he has delivered in the Harvard university named as “Home and Exile” in favor of his nation and country to depict the true face of colonizers but on the other part the writer also uses the orientalists style of writing to represent the African people and degenerated and distorted. The research shows the misrepresentation of the African people in the selected novels which are similar to Orientalism, using the re-orientalist lens of Lau (2009).
LANGUAGE AND POWER: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF CONTROLLING IDEOLOGY INAYANRAND’S ANTHEM
Language is a powerful tool, playing a vital role in our daily life. It controls our thoughts, efforts, emotions and beliefs. Language is also a persuasive tool paying a specific role in controlling people in society. In this novel AnthemAyn Rand established the real setting of Russian politics as she depicted the drawbacks of communism and established the role of language and that how it is used to impose ideology in peaceful and acceptable way. Ideology stands for set of ideas shared by group of people or a society. The supreme ideology of communism is the slogan of “Brotherhood” serving for country in an ultimate duty of every single citizen. Language played a vital role in this book as singular pronouns were replaced with plural pronouns (e.g replacement of “I” with “we” “me” with “us”), showing the ideology of communist state while the language used in the novel doesnot possess singular pronouns, depicting the idea of collective state. In this regard to analyze the language, and how language is used in a social context CDA plays an important role. CDA (Critical discourse analysis) is theory of language and mostly used to analyze political speeches of leaders and ideological contested words are the main focus of this theory. Fairclough’s three dimensional model possesses special quality of analyzing a text. The research is concerned to analyze a text by using only initial stage (Description stage, textual analysis) here research circle would be only limited to textual analysis, in this stage linguistic features of text are to be explored. The main focus of research is to find out the hidden ideologies of state and power retaining laws of state.
THE CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTIVATIONAL DRIVERS IN PAULO COELHO’S THE ARCHER
The present research is an attempt to explore the motivational drivers found in Paulo Coelho's novel The Archer (2020). The story centers on the protagonist Tetsuya who is an archer, and teaches his disciple who is named the boy in the text the key to success through the bow and the arrow; he explains failures and success in life through his experience gained from archery. The study is qualitative and the data has been collected from the selected text (main source) while the secondary sources such as journals, articles, websites, etc. are used for assistance through the close-reading method. David McClelland’s Human Motivation Theory (1987) is applied on the given textthat proposes three motivational drivers for achieving success in life such as affiliation, power, and achievement.