DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Abstract

Maps have a great role in clarifying everything related to places and their phenomena, as man used it since creation as a means through which everything that is going on in life is established in the form of symbols or pictures. These symbols and pictures are kept as a means to help continue life. Today, maps have become the most important tool as a database used in all the details of the daily journey, whether it is to know the location or what is related to the environmental aspects. Geographers have had a great role in laying down the main foundations for drawing a map that clarifies natural and human phenomena, but it is also a method shared by other scientific disciplines, such as survey engineering, computers, and other mathematical and statistical operations. The first use of the map was in a paper form and depended on the simple capabilities provided by the available means at that time. Today, in light of the technical development and the information revolution, computer and its advanced programs have become a major role in the production of smart digital maps. In addition, portable smart technical devices give site maps for the whole world in the form of spatial data. It is subject to updating, as these maps have deviated from their general geographical meaning to enter into precise scientific specializations, including maps of space and the universe and maps of the earth's layers.